Basis of International Trade. A country specializes in a specific commodity due to mobility, productivity and other endowments of economic resources. This stimulates a country to go for international trade. The basis of international trade lies in the diversity of economic resources in different countries. Countries engage in trade because it allows them to acquire resources that they do not have, sell resources that they have in abundance, increase income and protect multinational corporations. International trade allows countries to expand their markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available domestically. As a result of international trade, the market is more competitive which results in more competitive pricing which brings a cheaper product home to the consumer. Natural resources account for 20% of world trade, and dominate the exports of many countries. ... The instruments used include export taxes, price controls, production quotas, and domestic producer and consumer taxes (equivalent to trade taxes if no domestic production is possible).

The literacy rate is defined as the total number of literate persons in a given age group, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. The adult literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 years and above, and the youth literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 to 24 years. Literacy and level of education are basic indicators of the level of expansion achieved by a society. The spread of literacy is generally related to important traits of modern civilization such as modernization, urbanization, industrialization, communication, and commerce. According to Census of India 2011, the literacy rate of the country is 74%. Literacy rate indicates the total number of literate persons in the economy who can read and write their regional language with understanding. The total male literacy rate is 82.14%, and 65.46% is the female literacy rate.

Literacy is a significant input in the overall development of individuals enabling them to comprehend their social, political and cultural environment better and respond to it appropriately. When people are provided with higher levels of education and literacy, it will lead to greater awareness and also contributes majorly to the improvement of economic and social conditions.

There are three types of population pyramids:

1. Expansive Pyramid

It is triangular in shape wherein each age group displays a bar shorter than the one preceding it, symbolising that more people die as we progress through the pyramid. A large base indicates a high birth rate. The tapering top of the graph indicates the lesser life expectancy of a region.

2. Constrictive Pyramid

With a slight reduction in the younger group of age, it is the opposite of expansive pyramid. Life expectancy is higher and living conditions are better indicating a high number of older citizens. Despite this, a decrease in population is seen due to fewer birth rates compared to the death rate.

3. Stable Pyramid

It is rectangular in shape indicating an equal distribution of people across all age groups. A slight tapering at the top denotes more death occurring among the older people, which is natural. A stable birth rate indicates the use of birth control measures. Life expectancy in such regions is high due to better living conditions, availability of medical services etc.

Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups. This is an important indicator of population composition, since a large size of population in the age group of 15-59 indicates a large working population.

(i) *** ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.
(ii) This information is an important social indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society at a given time.

The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese, a Greek scholar (276-194 BC.). The word has been derived from two roots from Greek language geo (earth) and graphos (description).

The three areas/aspects of human development are:

1. Access to health: Leading a long and healthy life.
2. Access to education: Being able to gain knowledge.
3. Access to resources: Having enough means to be able to live a decent life.
   They are important because: Building people’s capabilities in these areas of health, education and resources is important in enlarging their choices. If people do not have capabilities in these areas, their choices also get limited.
   For example, an uneducated child cannot make the choice to be a doctor because his choice has got limited by his lack of education. Similarly, very often poor people cannot choose to take medical treatment for disease because their choice is limited by their lack of resources (money).

The major approaches to study geography are:

(i) systematic

(ii) regional