Characteristics of the last stage of Demographic Transition Theory are as follows:

1. In this stage both fertility and mortality decline.
2. The population is either stable or grows slowly and economic conditions become strong.
3. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical know-how. Women’s Status and education is found higher in comparison to other stages.

In 1901 11% of India’s population was living in urban areas, while in 2011 it increased to 31%. Decennial growth rate was highest in decade of 1971 and 1981 at 46%. The growth rate has now come down to 31%. The rate of urbanization came down during the decade of 1951 to 1961 and again started rising and the decennial growth was highest in 1971-1981 decade, possibly due to development in agriculture and industrial sector and better economic conditions of our country.

The size of settlement ranges from a hamlet in rural areas to metropolitan cities.

Detailed Expl:

Settlements vary in size and type. They range from a hamlet to metropolitan cities. With size, the economic character and social structure of settlements changes and so do its ecology and technology. Settlements could be small and sparsely spaced; they may also be large and closely spaced. The sparsely located small settlements are called villages, specialising in agriculture or other primary activities. On the other hand, there are fewer but larger settlements which are termed as urban settlements specialising in secondary and tertiary activities.

1. Human development is necessary because of the following reasons:
   1. The human development approach focuses on improving the lives of people rather than assuming that economic growth will lead automatically to greater opportunities for all.
   2. Human development is about giving people more freedom and opportunities to live lives they value, e.g. educating people, especially girls.
   3. Human Development creates the right conditions for all. For eg. create environmental sustainability or equality between men and women. Once, the basics of human development are achieved, they open up opportunities for progress in other aspects of life.
   4. It also helps to create awareness among people towards their responsibilities as a citizen and human being to build up an opinion for the reduction in the military expenditure, demobilization of armed forces, disarmament and all those activities which are responsible for civil disturbances.

(i)This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities.
(ii)The approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social secondary and amenities. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients.
(iii)The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximising expenditure on welfare.

The distribution of population in the world is uneven. Some areas are very crowded while some are sparsely populated. There are various reasons behind uneven distribution:

Geographical factors: Favorable topography, availability of mineral and freshwater resources, favorable climate and soil fertility are some of the reasons affecting population distribution. Indo-Gangetic Plains, Diamond Mines of South Africa, etc, are densely populated.

Social and cultural factors: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more populated. Places of religious and cultural significance also attract people e.g., Varanasi, Jerusalem, etc.

Economic factors: Places having more industries, transportation and communication facilities provide better employment opportunities. People are attracted to these places because of these reasons, e.g., Mumbai, Osaka etc.

The expanding world trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth-century set the stage for rapid population growth.

• Human geography is the study of changing relationship between the un-resting man and the unstable earth,
• Human geography is the synthetic study of relationship between -human societies and earth’s surface.
• Human geography offers a new conception of the inter relationships between earth and human beings.

Four fields of human geography—Social geography; Urban geography; Political geography; Population geography.

The division of population into rural and urban is based on the residence. This division is necessary because rural and urban life styles differ from each other in terms of livelihood and social conditions. The age-***-occupational structure, density of population and level of development vary between rural and urban population is also dependent on the state of development of a countiy.

The more progressed a country is with respect to its development, more number of people are engaged in non-primary activities, thus leading to shift from rural areas to urban areas. Moreover, industrialization also makes headway into the rural countryside, constructing new towns in hitherto traditionally agrarian areas, and therefore the population that was originally rural, becomes urban now. The criterion for classifying settlement as rural or urban varies from country to country. In general terms in rural areas more people are engaged in primary activities whereas in urban areas majority of population is associated with secondary or tertiary sectors.

The *** composition of rural and urban settlements varies between developed and developing countries. In the developed countries like the Western European nation due to security and availability of jobs women move out to urban areas. Farming is mostly mechanized there hence men tend to stay in rural areas and look after farming activities. Whereas a completely contrary picture can be seen in developing countries like India where due to lack of security, housing, job opportunities females tend to stay back in rural areas and look after farming whereas male members move out to urban areas in search of working opportunities,

(i) *** ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.
(ii) This information is an important social indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society at a given time.
(iii) The *** ratio in the country has always remained unfavourable to females. It means that the number of females per 1000 males has always remained low in our country. This is clear from the following table:
India: *** Ratio 1951−2001

*** ratio in the world is calculated as number of males per thousand of females in a population.
*** ratio = (No. of males)/(No. of females) × lOOO
In countries like India *** ratio is calculated as number of females per thousand of males.
*** ratio = (No. of females)/ (No. of males) × 1000

The doubling time is time it takes for a population to double in size/value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many other things that tend to grow over time.

Doubling time is the amount of time it takes for a given quantity to double in size or value at a constant growth rate. We can find the doubling time for a population undergoing exponential growth by using the Rule of 70. To do this, we divide 70 by the growth rate (r).

The world's current (overall as well as natural) growth rate is about 1.14 percent, representing a doubling time of 61 years. We can expect the world's population of 6.5 billion to become 13 billion by 2067 if current growth continues.

The process of migration from the plain areas to pastures on mountains during summer and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winter is known as 'transhumance'.

Tertiary: The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.

Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism)[1] is a worldview that is centered on Western civilization or a biased view that favors it over non-western civilizations.

A mineral Is a natural substance of organic /inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.

Greater Mumbai has the highest share of migrant population. It is due to following reasons:

• More employment opportunities.
• Urbanization and industrialization.
• Relatively higher wages.
• Better educational facilities.
• Other civic amenities.

1. Access to family planning measures is an important factor in controlling population. 

2. Easy and cheap availability of contraceptive

3. Education

4. Eradicate poverty

5. Women empowerment

6. Delayed marriages

7. Tax disincentives for large families

are some of the measures which can be adopted for controlling population.

The National Youth Policy, 2003 reiterates the commitment of the entire nation to the composite and all-round development of the young sons and daughters of India and seeks to establish an All-India perspective to fulfil their legitimate aspirations.

The *** ratio is important information about the status of women in a country in a region where gender discrimination is rampant. The *** ratio is bound to be unfavourable to women.
Reason for unfavourable *** ratio for women are as follows:

1. *** ratio is always unfavourable to women in those countries where gender discrimination is rampant.
2. In such countries or areas, the practice of female foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women are common practices.
3. The main reason for such practices is that women suffer from lower socio-economic status in general and societies are male-dominating in particular.

Population Density refers to the ratio between the number of people to the size of the land or the number of people inhabiting per unit of land.

Geographical factors influencing the distribution of population are:

1. Availability of water: It is the most important factor for life. So, people prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing and cooking – and also for cattle, crops, industries and navigation. It is because of this that river valleys are among the most densely populated areas of the world for eg: The Ganga plains are densely populated.
2. Landforms: People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes because such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport network and hence initially do not favour agricultural and industrial development. So, these areas tend to be less populated. For eg: The Ganga plains are among the most densely populated areas of the world while the mountains zones in the Himalayas are scarcely populated.
3. Climate: An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people. Areas with very heavy rainfall or extreme and harsh climates have low population. For eg: All mediterranean regions are inhabited from early periods due to their pleasant climate.
4.  Soils: Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore, areas which have fertile loamy soils have more people living on them as these can support intensive agriculture. For eg: Indo-gangetic plain in India are the most fertile lands for agruculture.

Human Geography Defined

• “Human geography is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and earth‟s surface”. Ratzel

Synthesis has been emphasized in the above definition.

•“Human geography is the study of “the changing relationship between the un-resting man and the unstable earth.”Ellen C. Semple

Dynamism in the relationship is the keyword in Semple‟s definition.

• “Conception resulting from a more synthetic knowledge of the physical laws governing our earth and of the relations between the living beings which inhabit it”. Paul Vidal de la Blache

Four fields of human geography—Social geography; Urban geography; Political geography; Population geography

Eratosthenese, a Greek scholar

Eratosthenese, a Greek scholar

The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese, a Greek scholar (276¬194 BC.). The word has been derived from two Greek words geo (earth) and graphos (description). Put together, they mean description of the earth. The earth has always been seen as the abode of human beings and thus, scholars defined geography as, “the description of the earth as the abode of human beings”.

Eratosthenes

According to most scholars, Eratosthenes is known as the father of Geography because he is considered to have been the first person to use the word 'Geography'.

The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese, a Greek scholar (276¬194 BC.). The word has been derived from two Greek words geo (earth) and graphos (description). Put together, they mean description of the earth. The earth has always been seen as the abode of human beings and thus, scholars defined geography as, “the description of the earth as the abode of human beings”.

Indian drainage system consists of a large number of small and big rivers. The Himalayan drainage system includes the Ganga, the Indus and the Brahmaputra river basins. ... The peninsular plateau is drained by Narmada, Tapi, the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri.