Marketing refers to activities a company undertakes to promote the buying or selling of a product, service, or good. It is one of the primary components of business management and commerce. Marketers can direct their product to other businesses or directly to consumers.

Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure. Measurements of productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input, typically over a specific period of time.

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Competition-oriented pricing, also known as market-oriented pricing, means basing the prices of your products or services on those of the competition rather than considering consumer demand and your own costs.
This pricing method also involves analyzing and researching your target market. As with most business strategies, competition-oriented pricing has its advantages and disadvantages.

A corporate trading member is required to identify a group of shareholders (Dominant Promoter Group - DPG), who normally would be individuals, not exceeding 4, who jointly and/ or severally shall hold not less than 51% of shares in the trading member corporate at the time of admission as well as subsequently at all relevant points of time.

Value at Risk margin is a measure of risk. It is used to estimate the probability of loss of value of a share or a portfolio, based on the statistical analysis of historical price trends and volatilities.

Market segmentation is a process of dividing a heterogeneous market into relatively more homogenous segments based on certain parameters like geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioural.

1) Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) Segment: This segment at NSE commenced its operations in June 1994. It provides the trading platform for wide range of debt securities which includes State and Central Government securities, T-Bills, PSU Bonds, Corporate debentures, Commercial Papers, Certificate of Deposits etc. 2) Capital Market (CM) Segment: This segment at NSE commenced its operations in November 1994. It offers a fully automated screen based trading system, known as the National Exchange for Automated Trading (NEAT) system. Various types of securities e.g. equity shares, warrants, debentures etc. are traded on this system. 3) Futures & Options (F&O) Segment: This segment provides trading in derivatives instruments like index futures, index options, stock options, and stock futures, and commenced its operations at NSE in June 2000. 4) Currency Derivatives Segment (CDS) Segment: This segment at NSE commenced its operations on August 29, 2008, with the launch of currency futures trading in US Dollar-Indian Rupee (USD-INR). Trading in other currency pairs like Euro-INR, Pound Sterling-INR and Japanese Yen-INR was further made available for trading in February 2010. ‘Interest rate futures ‘was another product made available for trading on this segment with effect from August 31, 2009. Write any 3

Often GDP (real GDP) is considered as an index of welfare of the people. Welfare means sense of material well-being among the people. This depends upon availability of goods and services per person for consumption. When GDP (or GNP) rises, it shows increase in flow of goods & services. Greater availability of goods and services implies higher standard of living which increases economic welfare. So one may conclude that higher level of GDP is an index of greater well-being of the people. But this may not be correct due to following limitations or reasons.
(i) Distribution of GDP. A mere rise in GDP (or GNP or National Income) may not lead to rise in economic welfare if its distribution results in concentration of income in the hands of very few individuals or firms. A mere increase in GDP does not mean that every individual automatically gets this much of increase. Distribution of GDP might have resulted in making the rich richer and the poor poorer leading to further increase in the gap between rich and poor.
(ii) Non-monetary exchanges or transactions. Many economic activities in the economy are not evaluated in monetary terms. Thus non-market transactions like services of housewife, exchanges through barter, enjoyment from hobbies like painting, gardening, etc. which increase economic welfare are not included in measuring GDP. Hence GDP may not reflect actual productive activities and wellbeing of the country.
(iii)    Externalities. These refer to the benefits or harms which a firm or an individual causes to other in the process of production but for which they are not paid or penalised. For example, negative externalities occur when smoke of a factory pollutes the air or its industrial wastes causes water pollution in the nearby river resulting in loss of social welfare. But nobody is penalised for it nor it is accounted in GDP. GDP does not take into account these externalities. Similarly, positive (beneficial) impact of beautiful garden remains outside of realm of GDP. To that extent GDP is not a correct index of welfare as GDP is then underestimated or overestimated.
(iv)    Composition of GDP. In case increase in GDP is due to more production of war material like tanks, weapons, etc., it will not increase economic welfare.
(v)    Rate of population growth. If rate of population growth is higher than the rate of growth of Real GDP, this will lead to fall in per capita availability of goods and services. This may reduce the overall welfare of the society.
Conclusion. GNP may not be an adequate index due to above-mentioned limitations, yet it does reflect some index of economic welfare. Mere enhancement of GNP at any cost may create economic bads like poverty and pollution. That is why some economists have suggested an alternative measure by the name of Green GNP to widen the scope of GDP as a measure of welfare.

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The media and entertainment industry consists of film, print, radio, and television. These segments include movies, TV shows, radio shows, news, music, newspapers, magazines, and books. These types of advertisements are: Print Advertising: Newspaper, magazines, & brochure advertisements, etc. Broadcast Advertising: Television and radio advertisements. Outdoor Advertising: Hoardings, banners, flags, wraps, etc. Digital Advertising: Advertisements displayed over the internet and digital devices.

Product managers create marketing mixes for their products as they move through the life cycle. The product life cycle is a pattern of sales and profits over time for a product (Ivory dishwashing liquid) or a product category (liquid detergents). As the product moves through the stages of the life cycle, the firm must keep revising the marketing mix to stay competitive and meet the needs of target customers.

Meaning of financial management

What financial markets management

Primary Market: Primary market is that market in which shares, debentures and other securities are sold for the first time for collecting long-term capital. This market is concerned with new issues. Therefore, the primary market is also called New Issue Market (NIM). Through the medium of this market both the newly established companies as well as the existing companies collect capital. In this market, the flow of funds is from savers to borrowers (Industries).

The secondary market is also known as the stock/share market or stock exchange. It is a market for the purchase and sale of existing securities. It helps existing investors to disinvest and fresh investors to enter the market. It also provides liquidity and marketability to existing securities. It also contributes to economic growth by channelising funds towards the most productive investments through the process of disinvestment and reinvestment. Securities are traded, cleared and settled within the regulatory framework prescribed by SEBI. Advances in information technology have made trading through stock exchanges accessible from anywhere in the country through trading terminals. Along with the growth of the primary market in the country, the secondary market has also grown significantly during the last ten years. Distinction between Capital Market and Money Market Both the money market and the capital market are the centres which arrange for the transfer of funds from the suppliers of funds to the users of funds. They differ, however, in regard to the maturity periods of the financial assets created and dealt with for affecting the transfer of funds. As explained earlier, money market arranges for short term and capital market provides for medium to long-term funds. The time length in respect of short-term funds is less than and upto one year.

A Market segment consists of group of customers who share similar set of needs and wants. The marketer’s task is to identify the number and nature of market segments and decide which one(s) to target. ! ! Market segmentation and Product Differentiation Market segmentation In market segmentation, product differences are based on differences in the needs of the customers.