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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
Foreign Direct Investment is a self-explanatory term. FDI is when an investor from another country (foreign country) makes an investment in a business situated in the country. Now such an investor can be an individual, firm, company etc. Generally, the investor will acquire assets of the business or establishes business operations to get a controlling interest in the business in a foreign country. This is distinctly separate than buying the equity of foreign companies, i.e. portfolio investment.
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
The law of variable proportions state that as the quantity of one factor is increased, keeping the other factors fixed, the marginal product of that factor will eventually decline. This means that up to the use of a certain amount of variable factor, marginal product of the factor may increase and after a certain stage it starts diminishing.
Assumptions of Law of Variable Proportions:
1. Constant State of Technology: First, the state of technology is assumed to be given and unchanged. If there is improvement in the technology, then the marginal product may rise instead of diminishing.
2. Fixed Amount of Other Factors: Secondly, there must be some inputs whose quantity is kept fixed. It is only in this way that we can alter the factor proportions and know its effects on output. The law does not apply if all factors are proportionately varied.
3. Possibility of Varying the Factor proportions: Thirdly, the law is based upon the possibility of varying the proportions in which the various factors can be combined to produce a product. The law does not apply if the factors must be used in fixed proportions to yield a product.
Behaviour of TP
| Stages | Stage name | TP | Range |
| I | Stage of increasing return | TP increases at an increasing rate till F | From o to point F |
| II | Stage of diminishing return | Increases at a decreasing rate and attains maximum at H | From F to point H |
| III | Stage of negative return | TP starts to fall | From H onwards |
The whole production phase can be distinguished into three different production stages.
IstStage: Increasing Returns to a Factor
This stages starts from the origin point O and continues till the point of inflexion (F) on the TP curve. During this phase, TP increases at an increasing rate and is also accompanied by rising MP curve. The MP curve attains its maximum point corresponding to the point of inflexion. Throughout this stage, AP continues to rise
IIndStage: Diminishing Returns to a Factor
This stage starts from point F and continues till point H on the TP curve. During this stage, the TP increases but at a decreasing rate and attains its maximum point at H, where it remains constant. On the other hand, the MP curve continues to fall and cuts AP from its maximum point S, where MP equals AP. When TP attains its maximum point, corresponding to it, MP becomes zero. AP, in this stage initially rises, attains its maximum point at S and thereafter starts falling
IIIrdStage: Negative Returns to a Factor
This stage begins from the point H on the TP curve. Throughout this point, TP curve is falling and MP curve is negative. Simultaneously, the AP curve continues to fall and approaches the x-axis (but does not touch it).
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
Process of Creation of Money:
The process of money creation by the commercial banks starts as soon as people deposit money in their respective bank accounts. After receiving the deposits, as per the central bank guidelines, the commercial banks maintain a portion of total deposits in form of cash reserves. The remaining portion left after maintaining cash reserves of the total deposits is then lend by the commercial bank to the general public in form of credit, loans and advances. Now assuming that all transactions in the economy are routed through the commercial banks, then the money borrowed by the borrowers again comes back to the banks in form of deposits. The commercial banks again keep a portion of the deposits as reserves and lend the rest. The deposit of money by the people in the banks and the subsequent lending of loans by the commercial banks is a never-ending process. It is due to this continuous process that the commercial banks are able to create credit money a multiple time of the initial deposits.
The process of creation of money is explained with the help of the following numerical example.
| Rounds | Deposits Received | Loans Extended | Cash Reserves |
| Initial | 10,000 | 8,000 | 2,000 |
| Ist Round | 8,000 | 6,400 | 1,600 |
| IInd Round | 6400 | 5,120 | 1,280 |
| - | - | - | - |
| nth Round | - | - | - |
| Total | 50,000 | 40,000 | 10,000 |
Suppose, initially the public deposited Rs 10,000 with the banks. Assuming the Legal Reserve Ratio to be 20%, the banks keep Rs 2,000 as minimum cash reserves and lend the balance amount of Rs 8,000 (Rs 10,000 – Rs 2,000) in form of loans and advances to the general public.
Now, if all the transactions taking place in the economy are routed only through banks then, the money borrowed by the borrowers is again routed back to the banks in form of deposits. Hence, in the second round there is an increment in the deposits with the banks by Rs 8,000 and the total deposits with the banks now rises to Rs 18,000 (that is, Rs 10,000 + Rs 8,000). Now, out of the new deposits of Rs 8,000, the banks will keep 20% as reserves (that is, Rs 1600) and lend the remaining amount (that is, Rs 6,400). Again, this money will come back to the bank and in the third round, the total deposits rises to Rs 24,400 (i.e. Rs 18,000 + Rs 6,400).
The same process continues and with each round the total deposits with the banks increases. However; in every subsequent round the cash reserves diminishes. The process comes to an end when the total cash reserves (aggregate of cash reserves from the subsequent rounds) become equal to the initial deposits of Rs 10,000 that were initially held by the banks. As per the above schedule, with the initial deposits of Rs 10,000, the commercial banks have created money of Rs 50,000.
Posted by Raje Bajpai 6 years, 7 months ago
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 7 months ago
The marginal utility of a good or service is the gain from an increase, or loss from a decrease, in the consumption of that good or service. In order to decide, how much of a good to buy at a given price, a consumer compares Marginal Utility (MU) of the good with its price (P). The consumer will be at equilibrium, when the Marginal Utility of the good will be equal to the price of the good.
i.e. MUx = Px
If MUx > Px, that is, when price is lesser than the Marginal Utility, then the consumer will buy more of that good.
On the other hand, if MUx < Px, that is, when price is more than the Marginal Utility, then the consumer will buy less of good.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 7 months ago
When the revenue receipts are less than the revenue expenditures in a government budget, this shortfall is termed as revenue deficit.
Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts
Two measures to reduced revenue deficit are :
- Government should reduce its unproductive or unnecessary expenditure.
- Government should increase its receipts from various sources of tax and non-tax revenue.
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