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Sia ? 3 years, 5 months ago
| Call By Value | Call By Reference |
| While calling a function, we pass values of variables to it. Such functions are known as “Call By Values”. | While calling a function, instead of passing the values of variables, we pass address of variables(location of variables) to the function known as “Call By References. |
| In this method, the value of each variable in calling function is copied into corresponding dummy variables of the called function. | In this method, the address of actual variables in the calling function are copied into the dummy variables of the called function. |
| With this method, the changes made to the dummy variables in the called function have no effect on the values of actual variables in the calling function. | With this method, using addresses we would have an access to the actual variables and hence we would be able to manipulate them. |
| <pre> // C program to illustrate // call by value #include // Function Prototype void swapx(int x, int y); // Main function int main() { int a = 10, b = 20; // Pass by Values swapx(a, b); printf("a=%d b=%d\n", a, b); return 0; } // Swap functions that swaps // two values void swapx(int x, int y) { int t; t = x; x = y; y = t; printf("x=%d y=%d\n", x, y); } Output: x=20 y=10 a=10 b=20 </pre> | <pre> // C program to illustrate // Call by Reference #include // Function Prototype void swapx(int*, int*); // Main function int main() { int a = 10, b = 20; // Pass reference swapx(&a, &b); printf("a=%d b=%d\n", a, b); return 0; } // Function to swap two variables // by references void swapx(int* x, int* y) { int t; t = *x; *x = *y; *y = t; printf("x=%d y=%d\n", *x, *y); } Output: x=20 y=10 a=20 b=10 </pre> |
| Thus actual values of a and b remain unchanged even after exchanging the values of x and y. | Thus actual values of a and b get changed after exchanging values of x and y. |
| In call by values we cannot alter the values of actual variables through function calls. | In call by reference we can alter the values of variables through function calls. |
| Values of variables are passes by Simple technique. | Pointer variables are necessary to define to store the address values of variables. |
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Sia ? 3 years, 5 months ago
| A Worm is a form of malware that replicates itself and can spread to different computers via Network. | Trojan Horse is a form of malware that capture some important information about a computer system or a computer network. |
| The main objective of worms to eat the system resources. | The main objective of the trojan horse is to control the activity of the system. |
| Worms can be detected and removed by the Antivirus and firewall. | Trojan horses are detected by the antivirus software. |
| It doesn’t need a host to replicate from one computer to another. | It require host is needed for spreading. |
| It can give unauthorized access and control of the system to the hackers. | It also give unauthorized access and control of the system to the hackers. |
| It is less harmful as compared. | It is more harmful as compared. |
| Morris Worm, Storm Worm and SQL Slammer are some of the examples of worms. | Back orifice, Rootkit and Beast Trojan are some of the common Trojan horses. |
| Worms are executed via weaknesses in system. | Trojan horse executes through a program and interprets as utility software. |
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