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Ask QuestionPosted by Kanika Uniyal 4 years, 1 month ago
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Tanya ?? 4 years, 1 month ago
Gaurav Seth 4 years, 1 month ago
Solids can very easily be distinguished from liquids by their definite shape, considerable mechanical strength, and rigidity. There are many different types of solids. Some are soft and others are hard. Some are rigid and others are flexible. The atoms and molecules of solids are held together by pulling forces called bonds.
The atoms in solids are held together by interatomic forces. The average location of the atoms in a lattice does not change with time. Since the atoms are almost lacking in mobility, their kinetic energy is negligibly small. It is this lack of mobility which makes a solid rigid.
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Aryanika A 4 years, 1 month ago
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Gaurav Seth 4 years, 1 month ago
somerism in Coordination Compounds
Isomerism is the phenomenon in which compounds have same molecular formula but different structures and these different structures are called as isomers. Isomers are those that have different physical and chemical properties.
There are two types of isomers:
- Structural isomerism
- Stereoisomerism
Structural isomerism: Different types are as follows:-
- ionization isomerism
- Hydrate isomerism
- Coordination isomerism
- Linkage isomerism
Stereoisomerism: Different types are as follows:-
- geometrical isomerism
- Optical isomerism
Structural isomerism:The compounds have same molecular phenomenon but different structures
- Ionization isomerism: they differ in productions of ions in aqueous solution
For example:à [CoBr(NH3)5]SO4 and [Co (NH3)5SO4 ]Br are ionization isomers when dissolved in water
[CoBr(NH3)5]SO4 à[CoBr(NH3)5]2+ + SO42-
[Co (NH3)5SO4 ]Bràà[CoSO4 (NH3)5]2+ + Br-
- Hydrate or solvate isomerism: in this they differ in number of molecules of water of crystallization
For example: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2Oare hydrate isomers
When dissolved in water
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3à[Cr(H2O)6] + 3Cl- (no water molecule )
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2Oà[Cr(H2O)5Cl]+2Cl+H2O(will give one water molecule )
- Coordination isomerism: they differ in coordination entities
For example:[Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] and :[Co(CN)6] [Cr(NH3)6] are coordination isomers
- Linkage isomerism: it is in case of ambidentate ligands and in this they differ in the point of attachment.
For example, in case of CN(cyano) and in case of NC (isocyano)
- Stereoisomerism: in these compounds have same molecular formula but differ in spatial arrangements of ligands.
It is of two types:
- Geometrical isomerism
- Optical isomerism
Geometrical isomerism: it is due to difference in the geometrical arrangements of ligands around central metal atom.
it is of further two types :
- Cis
- Trans
Cis : when the similar ligands are on adjacent position
Trans : when the similar ligands are on opposite positions
Cis and trans isomers are shown below (this is shown by compounds with coordination number 4 and 6
Example: [Pt (NH3)4Cl2]
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Prerna Dhankhar 4 years, 1 month ago
Tanya ?? 4 years, 1 month ago
Yogita Ingle 4 years, 1 month ago
Solid: Solid is a state of matter in which the constituting particles are arranged very closely.The constituent particles can be atoms, molecules or ions.
Properties of solids:
- They have definite mass, volume and shape.
- They are compressible and rigid.
- Intermolecular distances are very short and hence the intermolecular forces are strong.
- Their constituent particles have fixed position. sand can only oscillate about their mean positions.
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Manya Tyagi 4 years, 1 month ago
Gaurav Seth 4 years, 1 month ago
Write the IUPAC names of the following coordination compounds:
(i) [Cr(NH3)4(H2O)2]Cl3
A n s w e r :
The IUPAC names of the given compound is as follows:
(i) tetraamminediaquachromium ( III ) chloride
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 1 month ago
Raoult’s law states that a solvent’s partial vapour pressure in a solution (or mixture) is equal or identical to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution.
Mathematically, Raoult’s law equation is written as;
Psolution = ΧsolventP0solvent
Where,
Psolution = vapour pressure of the solution
Χsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent
P0solvent = vapour pressure of the pure solvent
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Unnati Dwivedi 4 years, 1 month ago
Yogita Ingle 4 years, 1 month ago
Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules, which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. These non-living molecules are the actual foot-soldiers of the battle of sustenance of life. They range from small molecules such as primary and secondary metabolites and hormones to large macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids etc.
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Posted by Samiksha Patil 4 years, 1 month ago
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Aryanika A 4 years, 1 month ago
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A colligative property is a property of a solution that is dependent on the ratio between the total number of solute particles (in the solution) to the total number of solvent particles. Colligative properties are not dependent on the chemical nature of the solution’s components. Thus, colligative properties can be linked to several quantities that express the concentration of a solution, such as molarity, normality, and molality. The four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are:
- Boiling point elevation
- Freezing point depression
- Relative lowering of vapour pressure
- Osmotic pressure
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Shraddha ✨✰✰ 4 years, 1 month ago
Posted by Kaif Yaduvanshi 4 years, 1 month ago
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Aryanika A 4 years, 1 month ago
Yogita Ingle 4 years, 1 month ago
Colligative properties are properties of a solution which depend only on the number of particles like ions or molecules of the solute in a definite amount of the solvent but not on the nature of the solute.
Meghna Thapar 4 years, 1 month ago
In chemistry, colligative properties are those properties of solutions that depend on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution, and not on the nature of the chemical species present. The number ratio can be related to the various units for concentration of a solution, for example, molarity, molality, normality (chemistry), etc. The assumption that solution properties are independent of nature of solute particles is only exact for ideal solutions, and is approximate for dilute real solutions. In other words, colligative properties are a set of solution properties that can be reasonably approximated by assuming that the solution is ideal.
Only properties which result from the dissolution of nonvolatile solute in a volatile liquid solvent are considered. They are essentially solvent properties which are changed by the presence of the solute. The solute particles displace some solvent molecules in the liquid phase and therefore reduce the concentration of solvent, so that the colligative properties are independent of the nature of the solute. The word colligative is derived from the Latin colligatus meaning bound together. This indicates that all colligative properties have a common feature, namely that they are related only to the number of solute molecules relative to the number of solvent molecules and not to the nature of the solute.
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Posted by Manpreet Kaur 4 years, 1 month ago
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Gaurav Seth 4 years, 1 month ago
Electrochemical Cells
The chemical changes which involve the flow of electric current are called electrochemical changes.
These are broadly of two types:
1) Electrochemical cells or Galvanic cells
These constitute the electrochemical reactions in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. In these cells, spontaneous redox reaction is used to generate an electric current.
The devices in which chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction is converted into electrical energy are called electrochemical cells or galvanic cells. In these devices, the Gibbs energy of the spontaneous redox reaction is converted into electrical work which may be used for running a motor or other electrical gadgets like heater, fan, geyser, etc.
An early example of a galvanic cell is a Daniel cell which was invented by the British chemist John Daniel in 1836. Daniel cell was constructed on the basis of the following spontaneous redox reaction :
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) ⇔ Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
Gaurav Seth 4 years, 1 month ago
Molar conductivity
Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is the conductance of volume V of a solution containing one mole of electrolyte kept between two electrodes with an area of cross-section A and distance of unit length.
Ʌm = К/c
Here,
c = concentration in moles per volume
К = specific conductivity
Ʌm = molar conductivity.
Posted by Hanumantappa B 4 years, 1 month ago
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Bhavya Sachdeva 4 years, 1 month ago
Gaurav Seth 4 years, 1 month ago
Butenal on oxidation gives butanoic acid.
Butanoic acid can be obtained by oxidation of butan-1-ol.
The most common reagent used for oxidation of alcohols is chromium (Vl) reagents including chromic acid (H2CrO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and chromic anhydride (CrO3).
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Aman Mishra 4 years, 1 month ago
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