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Preeti Dabral 4 years, 2 months ago
When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to dirt and remove it from the cloth. First, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation and trap the dirt at the centre of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in water like particles in a colloidal solution.
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Preeti Dabral 4 years, 2 months ago
Sol particles develops electrical charges due to dissociation of surface molecules. Sols may be either positively or negatively charged . This charge can be balanced by oppositely charged ions in the sol.
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Sia ? 4 years, 2 months ago
Unlike the situation in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, when a nucleophile attacks an aldehyde or ketone carbon there is no leaving group – the incoming nucleophile simply ‘pushes’ the electrons in the pi bond up to the oxygen.
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Preeti Dabral 4 years, 2 months ago
Properties | Direction independent | Direction-dependent |
Refractive index | Only one | More than one |
Chemical bonding | Consistent | Uncertain |
Uses | Lenses | Polarizers |
Light passes through it | No | Yes |
Velocity of light | Same in all directions | Different |
Appearance | Dark | Light |
Double refraction | No | Yes |
Example | Glass | Wood |
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Sia ? 4 years, 2 months ago
Physical Properties of Alcohol
1. The Boiling Point of Alcohols - Alcohols generally have higher boiling points in comparison to other hydrocarbons having equal molecular masses. This is due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups of alcohol molecules. In general, the boiling point of alcohols increases with an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic carbon chain. On the other hand, the boiling point decreases with an increase in branching in aliphatic carbon chains the Van der Waals forces decreases with a decrease in surface area. Thus primary alcohols have a higher boiling point.
2. Solubility of Alcohols - The solubility of alcohol in water is governed by the hydroxyl group present. The hydroxyl group in alcohol is involved in the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Thus, hydrogen bonds are formed between water and alcohol molecules which make alcohol soluble in water. However, the alkyl group attached to the hydroxyl group is hydrophobic in nature. Thus, the solubility of alcohol decreases with the increase in the size of the alkyl group.
3. The Acidity of Alcohols - Alcohols react with active metals such as sodium, potassium etc. to form the corresponding alkoxide. These reactions of alcohols indicate their acidic nature. The acidic nature of alcohol is due to the polarity of –OH bond. The acidity of alcohols decreases when an electron-donating group is attached to the hydroxyl group as it increases the electron density on the oxygen atom. Thus, primary alcohols are generally more acidic than secondary and tertiary alcohols. Due to the presence of unshared electrons on the oxygen atom, alcohols act as Bronsted bases too.
Chemical Properties of Alcohols
Alcohols exhibit a wide range of spontaneous chemical reactions due to the cleavage of the C-O bond and O-H bond. Some prominent chemical reactions of alcohols are:
1. Oxidation of Alcohol
- Alcohols undergo oxidation in the presence of an oxidizing agent to produce aldehydes and ketones which upon further oxidation give carboxylic acids.
Alcohols: Physical and Chemical Properties
2. Dehydration of Alcohol
- Upon treatment with protic acids, alcohols undergo dehydration (removal of a molecule of water) to form alkenes. Dehydration of alcohol
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Shreya Singh 4 years, 2 months ago
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Isotropic materials are materials whose properties remain the same when tested in different directions. Isotropic materials differ from anisotropic materials, which display varying properties when tested in different directions. Common isotropic materials include glass, plastics, and metals.
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?⚡Her?️⚡? 4 years, 2 months ago
2) by passing H2
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Amorphous solid, any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.
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Increase in temperature decreases the solubility of oxygen in the water. The amount of oxygen dissolved in water decreases at a higher temperature. As a result, it becomes more difficult to breathe less dissolved oxygen. Hence, the aquatic species are not comfortable in warm water.
Raushan Kumar 4 years, 2 months ago
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