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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
| All the naturally occurring substances of metals that are present in the earth’s crust are known as Minerals. | Ores are usually used to extract metals economically. A large number of metals are present. |
| All Minerals are not ores. | All ores are minerals. |
| Minerals are native forms in which metals exist. | Ores are mineral deposits. |
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
In anilines, the maximum electron density is found at ortho- and para- positions of the –NH2 group. The -NH2 group is ortho and para directing and is a powerful activating group. The following significant reactions take place under this category:
Reaction of aniline with bromine water at room temperature produces a white precipitate of 2,4,6 – tribromoaniline.
During electrophilic reaction, the main problem encountered is the high reactivity of aromatic amines. Substitution occurs at ortho and para positions. If only monosubstituted aniline derivative is required, then the activating effect of –NH2 group can be controlled by protecting the –NH2 group by acetylation with acetic anhydride. The desired substitution reaction is then carried out followed by the hydrolysis of substituted amides to substituted amines.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
Carbon atoms 1 and 6 have only three different substituents on them. Thus, there are four chiral carbon atoms in the glucose molecule.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
Mechanism :: Free Radical Halogenation
Mechanism :: SN2 Reaction: Bimolecular Subsitution
Mechanism :: SN1 Reaction: Unimolecular Substitution
Mechanism :: E1: First Order Elimination
Mechanism :: E2: Second Order Elimination
Mechanism :: Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
Mechanism :: Hydroboration of Alkenes
Mechanism :: Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Groups
Mechanism :: Alcohol Dehydration
Mechanism :: Fischer Esterification
Mechanism :: Williamson Ether Synthesis
Mechanism :: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
Mechanism :: Claisen Condensation
Mechanism :: Baeyer-Villager Oxidation
Posted by Vijendra Singh 6 years, 3 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
According to Saytzeff rule "In dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that alkene which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms."
For example: The dehydrohalogenation of 2-bromobutane yields two products 1-butene and 2-butene. Out of these 2-butene is the major product (80%) as it is more highly substituted and it is more stable.
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 3 months ago
The E0 (M2+/M) for copper is + ve. This is because high energy is required to transform Cu to Cu2+ which is not balanced by its hydration enthalpy.Read more on Sarthaks.com - https://www.sarthaks.com/198031/the-e-0m-for-copper-is-positive-34-copper-is-the-only-metal-in-the-first-series-of-transition
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
The Arrhenius equation is an expression that provides a relationship between the rate constant (of a chemical reaction), the absolute temperature, and the A factor (also known as the pre-exponential factor; can be visualised as the frequency of correctly oriented collisions between reactant particles). It provides insight into the dependence of reaction rates on the absolute temperature. The expression of the Arrhenius equation is:
K = Ae-Ea/RT
Arrhenius Equation
Where,
- k denotes the rate constant of the reaction
- A denotes the pre-exponential factor which, in terms of the collision theory, is the frequency of correctly oriented collisions between the reacting species
- e is the base of the natural logarithm (Euler’s number)
- Ea denotes the activation energy of the chemical reaction (in terms of energy per mole)
- R denotes the universal gas constant
- T denotes the absolute temperature associated with the reaction (in Kelvin)
Limitation:
It fails to explain the acidic nature of substances like CO2, SO2,SO3 etc which do not have hydrogen and similarly it also fails to explain the basic nature of substances like NH3, CaO, MgO etc which do not have -OH group.
It fails to explain the acidic and basic behaviour of substances in solvents other than water such as ammonia,alcohol.etc
The theory fails to explain why strong electrolytes like nitric acid (HNO3) are completely ionized in aqueous solution whereas weak electrolytes like acetic acid (CH3COOH) are ionized to a small extent only.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
Iodoform test is used to check the presence of carbonyl compounds with the structure R-CO-CH3 or alcohols with the structure R-CH(OH)-CH3 in a given unknown substance.
The reaction of iodine, a base and a methyl ketone gives a yellow precipitate along with an “antiseptic” smell. It also tests positive for a few specific secondary alcohols that contain at least one methyl group in the alpha position.
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