Ans. Financial Planning

An ideal alternative is one which is most feasible,profitable and which has the least negative consequences.

In simpler words its the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving organisational goals effectively and efficiently.

Ans. According to Marrie and Douglas, “Management is the process by which a co-operative group directs actions of others toward common goals.” Management is dened as the process of planning, organising and controlling an organisation’s operations in order to achieve the target efciently and effectively. It is essential for all organisations."

Ans. Formal organization is an official setup. It clearly spells out what exactly is the role of each job and position in an organization. Features of formal organization are as follows:

• Defined inter-relationship: It is a sort of arrangement which clearly denes mutual relationship. Everybody knows his or her authority and responsibilities. This clearly shows who will be reporting to whom.
• Based on rules and procedures: It is important to observe all the pre-determined rules and procedures in the formal organization. The objectives laid down under planning are thus achieved.
• Based on division of work: The chief basis of formal organization is the division of work. It is this that connects the efforts of different departments with each other.
• Deliberately created: It is deliberately created in order to achieve the objectives of the organization in an easy manner.
• It is more stable: Changes cannot be introduced because of the needs of individuals and their wishes. Therefore, it is more stable.
  
  In most organisations, there are a few enterprising people who take the initiative and come up with innovative ideas for better functioning and results. These endeavours are encouraged by organisations that believe in collectively taking the organisation forward by introducing efficiency and innovativeness at each stage. New and improved ideas are thus encouraged and introduced. However, when too many ideas come forth, the management chooses the best ones, while clearly communicating to all involved in the process why this is being done and why other ideas have been shelved, so that the spirit is not dampened.

Ans. With diversification, the fixed capital requirements will increase as the investment in fixed capital will increase. 

Ans. The process of planning includes the determination of objectives and outlining the future actions that are needed to achieve these objectives. Various steps that are followed in the process of planning are:

• Identifying the problem: It involves the identification of the aim for the fulfillment of which the plan is being formulated. If a new plan is require or the modification of an existing plan could help in achieving these aims.
• Gathering information about the activities involve: An effective plan needs complete knowledge of the activities involved and their effect on other external and internal activities.
• Analysis of information: This information is then analysed minutely and the information related with similar subjects is classified so that similar type of data can be kept together.
• Determining alternate plans: There are alternate plans available for the achievement of the objectives and ingenuity and creativeness are required as some plans are also developed at this stage.
• Selecting the plan: At this stage the plan which is acceptable to the operating personnel is proposed. The adaptability and the cost of the plan are also taken into consideration.
• Detailed sequence and timing: Detailed like who will perform which activity under the plan and the time within which the plan should be carried out is determining in this step.
• Progress check of the plan: The provisions are made for the follow up of the plan as the success of any plan can be measured by the results only.

Legal Environment

Group activity means a single person cannot do anything, a group of people must be there to get the work done effectively, and it is goal orientad as it helps in achieving the social , organisational and personal goals therefore full filling the needs and aims of all parties.

Viva Questions will be from your project. questions to be asked dependant on what product you choose for project.

Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization's resources in order to achieve the objectives of that policy.

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Financial leverage refers to the use of debt to acquire additional assets. Financial leverage is also known as trading on equity. Below are two examples to illustrate the use of financial leverage, or simply leverage.

Functional foremanship is a management technique that spreads the duties of a traditional industrial foreman among several different individuals. Frederick Winslow Taylor, a pioneer in the study of industrial efficiency, developed the technique after concluding that it would be expecting too much of one person to be an expert in all areas of foremanship -- from timekeeping and scheduling to discipline and quality control.

How It Works

A factory under a traditional foremanship system might have 150 workers divided into five units of 30 workers, with each unit having a single foreman. Each 30-person crew would report to its foreman on all matters. In a functional foremanship system, workers are supervised by specialized foremen, each with a specific function or area of interest.

Dividing the Functions

A business can separate foremen by function in whatever manner it sees fit. Taylor proposed eight roles, separated into planning and production functions. The four planning foremen were an instruction card clerk, whose job it is to divide up workers' responsibilities; a time and cost clerk for scheduling; a route clerk for work flow; and a disciplinarian. The productivity foremen were a gang boss for direct crew supervision, a repair boss overseeing maintenance, a speed boss to eliminate production delays and an inspector for quality control.

Functional foremanship is a management technique that spreads the duties of a traditional industrial foreman among several different individuals. Frederick Winslow Taylor, a pioneer in the study of industrial efficiency, developed the technique after concluding that it would be expecting too much of one person to be an expert in all areas of foremanship -- from timekeeping and scheduling to discipline and quality control.

Business management is the management in all business areas and organisational activities , an act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively.

Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country lends money to commercial banks in the event of short fall of fund.Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control inflation.

Project Name: Stock Exchange

The purpose of this project is to teach school students the values to investing and use the stock market. This project also teaches important lessons about the economy, mathematics and financial responsibility.

The basis of this project is to learn about the stock market while investing a specified amount of fake money in Certain stocks. Students then study the results and buy and sell as they see fit.

This project will also guide the students and provide them with the supplies necessary to successfully monitor stock market trends and will teach students how to calculate profit and loss on stock.

The project work will enable the students to:

• understand the topics like sources of business finance and capital market
• understand the concepts used in stock exchange
• inculcate the habit of watching business channels, reading business journals/newspapers and seeking

The students are expected to:

a)Develop a brief report on History of Stock Exchanges in India. (your country)

b)Prepare a list of at least 25 companies listed on a Stock Exchange.

c)To make an imaginary portfolio totaling a sum of Rs. 50,000 equally in any of the 5 companies of their choice listed above.

The students may be required to report the prices of the stocks on daily basis and present it diagrammatically on the graph paper.

• They will understand the weekly holidays and the holidays under the Negotiable Instruments Act. They will also come across with terms like closing prices, opening prices, etc.
• During this period of recording students are supposed to distinctively record the daily and starting and closing prices so that they acquire knowledge about closing and opening prices.

The students may conclude by identifying the causes in the fluctuations of prices. Normally it would be

• Change of seasons
• . Festivals.
• Spread of epidemic.
• Strikes and accidents
• Natural and human disasters.
• Political environment.
• Lack in faith in the government policies.
• Impact of changes in government policies for specific industry
• . International events.
• Contract and treaties at the international scene.
• Relations with the neighboring countries.
• Crisis in developed countries, etc.

The students are expected to find the value of their investments and accordingly rearrange their portfolio.

The project work should cover the following aspects;

1. Graphical presentation of the share prices of different companies on different dates.
2. Change in market value of shares due to change of seasons, festivals, natural and human disasters.
3. Change in market value of shares due to change in political environment/ policies of various
4. Identify the top ten companies out of the 25 selected on the basis of their market value of shares

It does not matter if they have made profits or losses. 

IT CAN BE POLICY.