Non-allelic gene is alleles at different position of chromosome loci but can affect one gene over the other in different way of intereaction. different human character are determined not only based on the allelic gene but also with the effect to non allelic genes. ... this effect is due to non allelic interaction.

An intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes. Intergenic regions are a subset of noncoding DNA. Occasionally some intergenic DNA acts to control genes nearby, but most of it has no currently known function.

Ants are common insects, but they have some unique capabilities. More than 10,000 known ant species occur around the world.  Popular around the globe for their beauty and variety, orchids are the largest family of plants in the entire world. There are 25,000 – 30,000 different species of orchid, at least 10,000 of which can be found in the tropics.

Test cross is a cross between an organism with unknown genotype and a recessive parent. It is used to determine whether an individual is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait. Example: Suppose you have a violet and white flower and violet color (P) is dominant to white (p).

Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Especially well known in peanuts, peas, and pansy this behavior is most widespread in the grass family. However, the largest genus of cleistogamous plants is Viola.
Cleistogamy is self-pollination. It is well known in plants like peanuts, beans, and beans. The advantage is no pollinator is required as it can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. The absence of variation is the biggest disadvantage.

• Spotting between periods.
• Nausea.
• Breast tenderness.
• Headaches and migraine.

In a monohybrid cross, when a pure line tall is crossed with a pure line dwarf, the following ratios are produced:

The phenotypic ratio 3: 1 represents that 3/4th of F₂ plants are tall whereas {tex}\frac{1}{4}{/tex}th plants are dwarf.
The genotypic ratio 1: 2: 1 represents 1 true-breeding dominant, 2 heterozygous dominant and 1 true-breeding recessive progeny.

The organ's primary function is to secrete milk. Though it is present in both sexes, it is well developed in females and rudimentary in males. It is also a vital accessory organ of the female reproductive system.

The placenta secretes hormones like human gonadotropins, human placental lactogen, oestrogen and progesterone that are necessary to maintain pregnancy. Due to the secretion of these hormones, it is called an endocrine gland.

The FSH secretion by the pituitary gland stimulates the ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen. Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall. After ovulation, the remaining cells of ovarian formed are stimulated by LH to develop corpus luteum which secrete a large amount of progesterone. Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of endometrium, for implantation of the fertilized ovum and other events of pregnancy.

During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote travels down the fallopian tube, where it becomes a morula. Once it reaches the uterus, the morula becomes a blastocyst. The blastocyst then burrows into the uterine lining — a process called implantation.

The process of germ cell development during spermatogenesis can be divided into five succesive stages: (1) spermatogonia, (2) primary spermatocytes, (3) secondary spermatocytes, (4) spermatids, and (5) spermatozoa.

Androgen, any of a group of hormones that primarily influence the growth and development of the male reproductive system. The predominant and most active androgen is testosterone, which is produced by the male testes.

FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the human body. In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of primordial germ cells. Follicle stimulating hormone is one of the hormones essential to pubertal development and the function of women's ovaries and men's testes. In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production.

Insulin helps control blood glucose levels by signaling the liver and muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood. Insulin therefore helps cells to take in glucose to be used for energy. If the body has sufficient energy, insulin signals the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen.

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.  Thus, the primary spermatocyte gives rise to two cells, the secondary spermatocytes, and the two secondary spermatocytes by their subdivision produce four spermatozoa and four haploid cells.

The accessory glands of the male reproductive system are the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands. These glands secrete fluids that enter the urethra.

*******, in the male reproductive system, a thin external sac of skin that is divided into two compartments; each compartment contains one of the two testes, the glands that produce sperm, and one of the epididymides, where the sperm is stored.