The constitution establishes the welfare state at a federal level along with the state level. So, in a welfare state, the main duty of government is the safety of the welfare of the people.

I. Mechanical Solidarity :
(a) Mechanical solidarity is founded on the similarity of its individual members and is found in societies with small populations. It typically involves a collection of different self-sufficient groups where each person within a particular group is engaged in similar acitivities of functions. As the solidarity or ties between people are based on similarity and personal relationships, such societies are not very tolerant of differences and any violation of the norms of the community attracts harsh punishment.
(b) In other words, mechanical solidarity based societies have repressive laws designed to prevent deviation from community norms. This was because the individual and the community were so tightly integrated that it was feared that any violation of codes of conduct result in the disintegration of the community.
II. Organic Solidarity :
(a) Organic solidarity characterises modern society and is based on the heterogeneity of its members. It is found in societies with large populations, where most social relationships necessarily have to be impersonal. Such a society is based on institutions, and each of its constituent groups or units is not self-sufficient but dependent on other units/groups for their survival. Interdependence is the essence of organic solidarity. It celebrates individuals and allows for their need to be different from each other, and recognises their multiple roles and organic ties.
(b) The laws of modern society are ‘restitutive’ in nature that in modern societies, the law aims to repair or correct the wrong that is done by a criminal act. By contrast, in primitive societies the law sought to punish wrong-doers and enforced a sort of collective revenge for their acts. Inmodern society the individual was given some autonomy, whereas in primitve societies the individual was totally submerged in the collectivity.
                           

According to Emile Durkheim, “Religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, creating into a simple moral community all those who adhere to those beliefs and practices.”

• Sociologists study religion as the belief in spiritual beings.
• Religion is a mode of action as well as a system of beliefs and a sociological phenomena as well as personal experience.
• Religion rests upon beliefs in supernatural which embraces animism.
• From sociological perspective religion performs many functions for the society. It is a form of social control.
• Religion exists in all known societies although religious beliefs and practices vary from culture to culture.
• Religion is only a personal phenomena, but also has a public aspect which has an important influence upon the social institution.
• Religion is the collection of customs and rituals. Because of religion people respect the customs and norms which maintains the social network.
• Religion encourages people to develop a complex, balanced, integrated, healthy and happy personality and get involved in social welfare activities. It helps people in maintaining internal force.

Sociologists study the public form of religion because it is quite important from social perspective which takes care of society and social institution.

• According to the functionalists “the family performs important tasks, which contribute to society’s basic needs and helps perpetuate social order”.
• The functionalist perspective argues that modern industrial societies function best if women look after the family and men earn the family livelihood.
• According to the functionalist perspective, the nuclear family is seen as the unit best equipped to handle the demands of industrial society. They believe that in such families one adult can work outside home while the second adult cares for the home and children.

The family is the most important social group in society. It’s also the most important influence in a child’s life. The family plays an essential role in a child’s education, in providing physical and emotional needs, and in giving moral guidance.

1. Overpopulation is the biggest cause of crime : Increase in population is the biggest cause of crime and much of the world’s worries. Although population increase is related to each and every cause mentioned here, it still needs to be looked at as a cause of crime.
2. Poverty: Economic deprivation or simply poverty is a major cause of crime all around the world. People are often driven to great lengths of desperation by poverty and this is a major cause of crime all around the world. 
3. Racism: Discrimination based on race is a serious issue all around the world. All humans are in a way racist towards some people in some part of the world or another. Racism has contributed a lot of unrest to many places all around the world and it’s mostly because of one or two idiots that such crimes are given birth to. 
4. Politics: Politics is often a cause of crime. It is seen that many political associations all around the world have their own mafias running which they use to manipulate and subjugate people. Political power is often misused to take advantage of weaker groups and people and the dissidence that rises out of such situations often force the victims to resort to crimes.

One of my neighbours are looking for a formal school for their 3 year old daughter. The way they are analysing the things are being discussed below –

• They need a school which is within the vicinity of their residence so that they could not be dependent upon the transport facility as they are quite afraid of the crime against girl child in present days
• They need the school to have good curriculum as well as extra-curricular activities because they want the child to develop multi-fold.
• They are quite conscious about the gentry of the school as they feel that the child leans behaviour from the groups he/she forms in school.
• They want the school to have good sports training so that the child can even be better in sports and can opt it as career as now-a-days sports is quite a heavily paid job.

1. Marriage is called an universal Institution because it is practised in all human societies throughout the world.
2. Every society from primitive to modern time has had the institution of marriage but its form and nature has varied from time to time, from society to society.