A. The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect on January 26, 1950.

B. It was effective on January 26, 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic.

C. To mark this day, we celebrate January 26 as Republic Day every year.

When we think about the negative conception of liberty, our attitude implies the absence of restraints and right to do whatever one likes. But this is not the real meaning of liberty because in this interpretation of liberty the poor shall then always be at the mercy of the rich. Powerful shall dominate the powerless and everyone shall bow before the most powerful in the society. Liberty shall be enjoyed as long as the powerful wishes that to be enjoyed. Such a conception of liberty is now neither acceptable nor desirable. The absolute liberty must be limited by law.
There is a positive conception of liberty as well. According to this interpretation, liberty lies in the removal of hindrances. According to Green, State should hinder upon hindrances. We are living in a society which is divided into two great halves. On the one hinder the rich and on the other the poor. Orr one «ide are exploiter and on the other are exploited. In such a society unless there is an authority to check the actions of those who have grown strong, existence shall be difficult for those who are weak and poor. Positive liberty, therefore, implies and is meant to be understood as liberty in which adequate facilities are available for each section of the society to live and enjoy socially desirable rights. It is the freedom of not only a few rich people but for many or rather for the common masses. The liberty should be such that any individual or section of society does not stand in the progress of the others, or it may be said that liberty implies that the people have freedom to do whatever is permissible under the laws.

Political theory is usefull for us in many ways . .the few are as follows

1. it help us to provide us information about the history of politics
2.it help us to gain information about indian constitution
3.it help us to know about the rules and regulations
4.it help us to know about the political act which took place in our history.

When we think about the negative conception of liberty, our attitude implies the absence of restraints and right to do whatever one likes. But this is not the real meaning of liberty because in this interpretation of liberty the poor shall then always be at the mercy of the rich. Powerful shall dominate the powerless and everyone shall bow before the most powerful in the society. Liberty shall be enjoyed as long as the powerful wishes that to be enjoyed. Such a conception of liberty is now neither acceptable nor desirable. The absolute liberty must be limited by law.
There is a positive conception of liberty as well. According to this interpretation, liberty lies in the removal of hindrances. According to Green, State should hinder upon hindrances. We are living in a society which is divided into two great halves. On the one hinder the rich and on the other the poor. Orr one «ide are exploiter and on the other are exploited. In such a society unless there is an authority to check the actions of those who have grown strong, existence shall be difficult for those who are weak and poor. Positive liberty, therefore, implies and is meant to be understood as liberty in which adequate facilities are available for each section of the society to live and enjoy socially desirable rights. It is the freedom of not only a few rich people but for many or rather for the common masses. The liberty should be such that any individual or section of society does not stand in the progress of the others, or it may be said that liberty implies that the people have freedom to do whatever is permissible under the laws.

Indian Constitution is the lengthiest Constitution in the world as it is the only one constitution for the Central Government as well as for the states except for Jammu & Kashmir.
The distribution of powers between the centre and the states are discussed in detail. It has detailed Fundamental Rights mentioned in Part III.
The volume of the constitution also increased by the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Indian Constitution begins with a Preamble. The Preamble serves the purpose of a window through which we peep into the intentions of the makers of the constitution. In fact, the Preamble is a summary of the objectives and basic philosophy of the constitution. The Preamble is the Mirror of the Constitution. The basic philosophy of the Indian Constiution is as follows:

1. People are the source of Authority: The Preamble expresses in a very clear language that people are the ultimate source of all authority. It is the people who have adopted and enacted the constitution. The constitution originates from the people of India and is promulgated in the name of the people of India.
2. Socialist State: By 42nd Amendment the word ‘Socialist’ is inserted in the Preamble of the Constitution. The government is committed to socialism.
3. Secularism: Indian Constitution is based on the philosophy of secularism. India is a Secular State. All citizens enjoy freedom of religion and there is no official religion of the state.
4. Democratic Principles: All democratic principles are adopted in the Indian Constitution.
5. Justice: The basic philosophy of the Constitution is that all the citizens of India should get justice in every sphere of life. In the preamble the idea of achieving social, economic and political justice for all citizens has been mentioned. To achieve social, economic, and political justice provisions have been made in the Constitution.
6. Liberty: Indian Constitution is based on the philosophy of freedom. The citizens of India have been guaranteed a number of freedoms by the Constitution. Some of the very important freedoms such as freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of belief and worship, etc., are mentioned in the preamble.

There is difference of voters and constituency between the system of reservation of constitution and the system of separate electorate. It was started by the British government that the Muslims, Sikhs and some other minorities were able to elect their representatives by their own separate vote. As a result the nation resorted to the partition between India and Pakistan. So, after partition, in India, the reservation of constituencies for the subjugated social group was adopted.

In separate electorates, the candidates are elected by those voters who belong to that community. But in the system of reservation of constituencies all voters in a constituency are eligible to vote but candidates must fit in to only a particular community for which the seat is reserved. The constitution provides for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

The latter was rejected by the constitution makers because it went against their idea of unity they were aware that the system of separate electorate will damage the spirit of national integration and a state free from discrimination.

Objective resolution was considered a momentous resolution because:

1. It outlined the defining ideals of the Constitution of Independent India and provided a framework within which constitution-making was to proceeded.
2. It proclaimed India to be an "Independent Sovereign Republic".

Following are the main functions of the executive:

1. Administrative Functions: The main function of the executive is to direct and supervise the execution of law. To achieve this end, the executive performs various functions such as appointment, transfer and dismissal of heads of the departments and of the subordinate officials. It maintains law and order in the state. One or more than one department are controlled by a minister and he is responsible for the efficient administration of the department. Each department enforces the laws which concern its working. The executive is to see that all the laws are properly obeyed and respected and those who break the laws are punished. The object of the punishment is to reform the criminal.
2.  Policy Formation: The executive formulates the general policies of the state. Internal as well as external policies are formulated by the executive. In Parliamentary government, policies are formulated by the executive but they are approved by the legislature. But in Presidential Government policies are formulated by the executive and no approval is needed by the legislature.
3. Appointments: All major appointments are made by the executive. In India, the executive appoints Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of the various states, Ambassadors, Chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission, AttorneyGeneral, Chiefs of Army, Air Force and Navy, Governors etc. In U.S.A., all major appointments are made by the President with the approval of the Senate. The executive also enjoys the power of removal.
4. Military Functions: Military functions consist in exercising supreme command over the Army, Navy and Air Force. The Indian President is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The executive appoints officers to the armed forces and in some countries, it has the right to declare war. To secure obedience to the laws of the State, to maintain peace and to defend the country against the foreign attack is the responsibility of the executive. Executive is responsible for the preservation of perfect peace and security in the country. It has to keep internal peace, by putting down all those factors which disturb the peace of the country. In some countries, the executive has the authority to declare war. The executive is also empowered to declare martial law during emergencies.