The prime minister is the leader of the Lower House. In this capacity, he enjoys the following powers:

1. He advises the president with regard to summoning and proroguing of the sessions of the Parliament.
2. He can recommend dissolution of the Lok Sabha to president at any time.
3. He announces government policies on floor of the House.
4. He is the chairman of the Planning Com-mission, National Development Council, National Integration Council and Inter-State Council.
5. He plays a significant role in shaping the foreign policy of the country.
6. He is the chief spokesman of the Union government.
7. As a leader of the nation, he meets various sections of people in different states and receives memoranda from them regarding their problems, and so on.
8. He is the crisis manager-in-chief at the political level during emergencies. He is leader of the party in power and the political head of the services.

The President is the head of the state. His functions are ceremonial. The President is elected by the Members of Parliament and the members of the State Legislative Assemblies. Because he is not directly elected by the people of India, he is only a nominal executive. The powers of the President are

• All major policy decisions are issued by the Government in the name of the President.
• All ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. He also appoints the Chief Justice of India, judges of the Supreme Court, Election Commissioners, Ambassadors and Governors of the states. He however can appoint them only on the advice of the Prime Minister.
• All international treaties and agreements are made by the Prime Minister in the name of the President.
• No bill becomes an Act until and unless it is signed by the President. The President may send the bill back to the Parliament for reconsideration. However, when it is sent to him for the second time, he has to pass it.
• When no party gets a majority in the Lok Sabha elections, the President can appoint the leader of largest party as the Prime Minister and ask him to prove the required majority in the Lok Sabha.

Importance of the Fundamental Rights:

1. Very essential rights: Some rights are incorporated in the Fundamental Rights which very essential for the life of an individual. In fact, in the absence of these rights individual cannot lead the life of a superior human being. So in a modern democracy, it is very essential for the state to guarantee these rights.
2. Essential for the development of personality: Man is not merely a physical being. He has a brain and intelligence. He thinks, understands and wants to express his ideas independently. Fundamental rights fulfill these needs of the individual.
3. Essential for a happy life: Fundamental rights help an individual to meet his material needs. Fundamental rights provide him a scope to follow a business or profession and earn wealth or property so that he might lead a happy life.

The Indian Bill of Rights has been included in Part III of the Constitution. It lays down the foundation of political democracy in the country. But political democracy is hollow if it is not accompanied by economic democracy. A fullness and starvation cannot go together. Part IV of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles. The aim of the Directive Principles is to establish a welfare state. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles are distinct entities in an integrated system. The system is aimed at individual liberty in a welfare state. The rights are guaranteed to the individual. The Directive Principles are the instructions to the state.

There are some essential points of differences between the two are as:

1. Fundamental rights constitute limitations upon State action, while the Directive Principles are instruments of instruction to the Government.
2. The directives require to be implemented by legislation while fundamental rights are already provided in the Constitution.
3. The Directives are not enforceable in the Courts and do not create any justiciable rights in favor of the individuals, while the Fundamental Rights are enforceable by the Courts.
4. In case of any conflict between the fundamental rights and the directive principles, the former should prevail in the Courts.

Cultural and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture, language or script, and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rights.

The President of India is elected in an indirectly by an electoral college that comprises:

• elected members of Vidhan Sabha of all the federating states;
• elected members of Lok Sabha and
• Rajya Sabha.

Politically, our Constitution has been reasonably effective. The government of our country is carried out under the provisions of the Constitution with a democratically elected government that is responsible to Parliament. The judiciary has also been effective in preserving the basic character of the constitution by refusing the legislature or the executive to exceed its authority. However, our political system is still marred by evils of criminalization and corruption which goes against the spirit of the Constitution.

Veto power is a negative vote.Each permanent member in the UN has this veto power.it means that the council cannot take a decision, if the permanent member says "no" to that decision.