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Second law of Thermodynamics
There are 2 statements of second law of thermodynamics given by two scientists:
- Kelvin-Planck ∫Statement: - No process is possible whose result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and the complete conversion of the heat into work.
- Clausius statement: - No process is possible whose result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a hotter object.
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Frame of Reference
In order to know the change in position of an object, a reference point is required. Point O in the figure is the reference point or Origin and together with three axes, this system is called the coordinate system. A coordinate system with time frame is called frame of reference.
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Friction is a surface force that opposes relative motion. The frictional force is directly related to the normal force that acts to keep two solid objects separated at the point of contact. There are two broad classifications of frictional forces: static friction and kinetic friction. Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. There are several types of friction: Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact.
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Average velocity is the Change in position or displacement divided by time interval. unit is m/s
The formula of average velocity is as follows:
average velocity =
{tex}v_{avg}= \frac{x_{2} – x_{1}}{t_{2} – t_{1}}{/tex}
Derivation of the Formula
{tex}v_{avg}{/tex} = refers to the average velocity in meter per second
{tex}x_{1} {/tex} = refers to the starting position of the object in meter/s
{tex}x_{2}{/tex} = refers to the ending position of the object in meter/s
{tex}t_{1} {/tex} = refers to the initial time of motion in second/s
{tex}t_{2}{/tex} = refers to the final time of the motion in second/s
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Dimensions of a Physical Quantity
Dimensions of a physical quantity are powers (exponents) to which base quantities are raised to represent that quantity. They are represented by square brackets around the quantity.
- Dimensions of the 7 base quantities are – Length [L], Mass [M], time [T], electric current [A], thermodynamic temperature [K], luminous intensity [cd] and amount of substance [mol].
Examples, Volume = Length x Breadth x Height = [L] x [L] x [L] = [L]3 = [L3]
Force = Mass x Acceleration = [M][L]/[T]2 = [MLT-2]
- The other dimensions for a quantity are always 0. For example, for volume only length has 3 dimensions but the mass, time etc have 0 dimensions. Zero dimension is represented by superscript 0 like [M0].
Dimensions do not take into account the magnitude of a quantity
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A light-year is the distance light travels in one year. How far is that? Multiply the number of seconds in one year by the number of miles or kilometers that light travels in one second, and there you have it: one light-year. It's about 5.88 trillion miles (9.5 trillion km). It is the distance that light can travel in one year. Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second. So in one year, it can travel about 10 trillion km. More p recisely, one light-year is equal to 9,500,000,000,000 kilometers.
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Gaurav Seth 5 years, 4 months ago
Let at time t, they reach level C.
For A:- -(h + 34.3) = 29.4t - (1/2)gt2 ...(i)
For B:- -h = −21g(t−5)2 ...(ii)
(ii) - (i) ⇒ 34.3
= -29.4t + (1/2)g [t2−(t−5)2
⇒ 7 = -6t + (2t - 5) 5 ⇒ t = 8s
Now from (ii), h = (1/2) (9.8) (8−5)2 - 44.1 m.
From figure,
H = 80 - 34.3 = 45.7 m.
So finally, h1 = H - h = 45.7 - 44.1 = 1.6 m
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