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Bodhisattva Padmapani, detail from a wall painting in cave 1, second half of the fifth century. Ajanta Caves, India.
The Ajanta Caves caves have been described by the government Archaeological Survey of India as “the finest surviving examples of Indian art, particularly painting,” and consists of about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments dating from approximately the 2nd century BCE to about 480 or 650 CE.
This segment from Gardner’s Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives (2009) describes the scene shown:
The bodhisattva Padmapani sits among a crowd of devotees, both princesses and commoners. With long, dark hair handing down below a jeweled crown, he stands holding his attribute, a blue lotus flower, in his right hand. […] The artist has carefully considered the placement of the painting in the cave. The bodhisattva gazes downward at worshipers passing through the entrance to the shrine on their way to the rock-cut Buddha image in a cell at the back of the cave.
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The most famous cave site is Ajanta. It is located in Aurangabad District of Maharashtra State. Ajanta has twenty-nine caves. It has four chaitya caves datable to the earlier phase, i.e., the second and the first century BCE (Cave Nos. 10 and 9) and the later phase, i.e., the fifth century CE (Cave Nos. 19 and 26). It has large chaityaviharas and is decorated with sculptures and paintings. Ajanta is the only surviving example of painting of the first century BCE and the fifth century CE. The caves at Ajanta as well as in western Deccan in general have no precise chronology because of the lack of known dated inscriptions.
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1. Garbhagriha: It is referring to the sanctum sanctorum, the innermost sanctum of a temple where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the primary deity of the temple. The literally means ‘womb-house’ and is a cave like sanctum. Garbhagriha is made to house the main icon (main deity)
2. Mandapa: It is a porch-like structure which is designed as a pillared outdoor hall or pavilion for public rituals. It is used for religious dancing and music and is part of the basic temple compound. The temples which has more than one madappa called by different names such as Artha Mandapam or Ardh Mandapam, Asthana Mandapam, Kalyana Mandapam, Maha Mandapam, Nandi Mandapam (or Nandi mandir), Ranga Mandapa, Meghanath Mandapa, Namaskara Mandapa and Open Mandapa.
3. Shikhara: It is derived from Sanskrit word 'Shikar' which means mountain peak. It is a curving shape which is mountain like spire of a free standing temple. It is mainly found in North Indian temples.
. Vimana: It is pyramidal like structure refers to the rising tower in the temple architecture of North India. It is prevalent in South India.
5. Amalaka: It is term used for a stone disc like structure at the top of the temple shikara.
6. Kalasha: It is topmost point of the temple above Amalaka.
7. Antarala (Vestibule): It is a place between the Garbhagriha and the temple’s main hall (mandapa).
8. Jagati: It is the term used for the platform where people sit for praying.
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Viharas were for the purpose of living, Chaityas were assemblies for the purpose of discussions. Further, Chaityas were with Stupas, Viharas did not have stupas.
Both early Chaityas and Viharas were made by woods and later stone-cut Chaityas and Viharas were made. Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the centre, the purpose was prayer. The Chaitya was divided into three parts, and had an apsidal ending, that is, a semicircular rear end, The central part of the hall (also called the nave) was separated from the two aisles by two rows of pillars, The chaityas also had polished interior walls, semicircular roofs and horse-shoe shaped windows called the Chaitya windows. Viharas were the residences of the monks.
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The characteristics of nataraja bronze sculpture is as follows:
1)It was a symbol of Indian culture and was also named the lord of dance.
2)It belongs to the Chola dynasty and is of the 10th century,it is a sculpture of lord Shiva.
3)In the painting lord Shiva is smiling that shows how calm and energetic he was while dancing.
4)The arch represents the cycle of life.
5)The symbol of the painting is Agni, that is arch also represents cosmic fire.
6)The posture in the sculpture is very graceful,and he is also holding various types of weapons(Shasta).
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- Prehistory: Time period in the past when there was no paper or the written word and hence no books or written accounts of events. Information about such an age is obtained from excavations which reveal paintings, pottery, habitat, etc.
- Drawings and paintings were the oldest form of artistic expression practised by humans. Reasons for such drawings: Either to decorate their homes or/and to keep a journal of events in their lives.
- Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods have not shown any evidence of artworks so far. The Upper Palaeolithic Age shows a lot of artistic activities.
- Earliest paintings in India are from the Upper Palaeolithic Age.
- The first discovery of rock paintings in the world was made in India by archaeologist Archibald Carlleyle in 1867 – 68 (in Sohagighat, Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh).
- Rock paintings have been found in the walls of caves at Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Karnataka, some in the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand.
- Paintings at the rock shelters at Lakhudiyar on the banks of the Suyal River (Uttarakhand) –
- 3 categories of paintings: man, animal and geometric patterns in black, white and red ochre.
- Humans in stick-like forms, a long-snouted animal, a fox, a multiple-legged lizard, wavy lines, groups of dots and rectangle-filled geometric designs, hand-linked dancing humans.
- Paintings in Kupgallu (Telangana), Piklihal and Tekkalkota (both in Karnataka)
- Mostly in white and red ochre.
- Subjects are bulls, sambhars, elephants, sheep, gazelles, goats, horses, stylised humans and tridents.
- Paintings in the Vindhya ranges at Madhya Pradesh extending into Uttar Pradesh –
- About 500 rock shelters at Bhimbetka in the Vindhya Hills at Madhya Pradesh.
- Images of hunting, dancing, music, elephant and horse riders, honey collection, animal fighting, decoration of bodies, household scenes, etc.
- Bhimbetka drawings can be categorised into 7 Periods.
- Period I: Upper Palaeolithic
- Period II: Mesolithic
- Period III: Chalcolithic
- Two major sites of prehistoric rock/cave paintings in India: Bhimbetka Caves and Jogimara Caves (Amarnath, Madhya Pradesh).
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