Separation of powers is also known as trias politica. This term was coined by Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, an 18th century French social and political philosopher.

Separation of powers refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances. The normal division of branches is into a legislature, an executive and a judiciary.

An article is a separate and distinct part of a written instrument, such as a contract, statute, or constitution, that is often divided into sections. A section is the distinct and numbered subdivisions in legal codes, statutes, and textbooks.

A court publishes a writ as a formal written order. The Supreme Court or the High Court are permitted to issue warrants, directions, orders and so on. All the above mentioned are writs. One can file a writ petition in the High Court under Article 226. The five types of remedial writs are prohibition, mandamus, habeas corpus, quo warranto, and certiorari.

“Centre-State relations” of Indian Federalism constitute the core of federalism and they are regulated by the provisions of the Constitution.
(i) The division of powers between the Union and the States, as given in the Indian Constitution has a strong bias in favour of the Centre. Various kinds of restrictions are imposed upon the states.
(ii) Administrative relations. The Indian Constitution is based on the principle that the executive power is co-extensive with the Legislative power i.e., Union and state executives can deal with all matters on which legislature legislates.
(iii) In the administrative affairs also the centre acquires control over states through All India Services, Grant-in-Aid etc.
Hence, restructuring of the centre-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice

Legislative Powers of President of India

The parliament is composed of president, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha so, president of India is a inseparable part of Indian Parliament.

• President has power to summon or prorogue the two houses of parliament. After a prorogation, the house must be summoned within 6 months.
• The President may dissolve the Lok Sabha. (Rajya Sabha is never dissolved)
• After the general Elections, president addresses both the houses of the parliament. He may address either house or even a joint sitting.
• The President may nominate two members of Anglo Indian Community in the Lok Sabha if he feels that the community is not represented adequately. (Article 331)
• President has power to nominate 12 members of Rajya Sabha if they excelled in Art, Literature, Science, Social Science, Culture etc. (Article 80)
• A Bill passed by the parliament becomes an act only after president has given assent to it.

I. Meaning of the term Independence of Judiciary. Why is the independence of the judiciary desirable? Since the days of monarchs, despots and theoratic regimes, much sanctity is attended to the judiciary. ‘Justice’ is depicted as a blind-folded person, who holds the scale of justice. Such depiction is symbolic of the impartial quality of a judge. Be in a democracy or a despotic regime, impartial judges have been highly praised. In order to be impartial, it is required that judges should be independent. Unless they are independent they cannot properly meet out justice.
An independent judiciary can only protect the rights of individuals against encroachment by other. Encroachment need not only be from private persons. Even Government officials, in course of their duty are likely to encroach upon the rights of individuals. Under the circumstances, it is only an independent judiciary that can come to the rescue of the aggrieved party. In federal policy independence of the judiciary is imperative.
II. Importance of Independent Judiciary:
It is very important to make judiciary independent and impartial because an individual comes to the court when he has been harassed by the Legislature or Executive and when he has been denied his due. It protects the poor from the rich. It protects the ordinary citizen from the wrong acts of the Executive, it protects the fundamental rights and liberties of the individuals, it interprets the laws and the Constitution.
It decides disputes between the Centre and the States in federal set-up. All these functions can be performed properly by the judiciary only if it is independent and impartial. If the people lose faith in the fairness of the justice, if they start feeling that justice can be purchased and influenced, the Government cannot last longer.

The legislature has introduced special courts on many occasions through various laws, usually with the intention to enable quick and efficient disposal of cases.

Constitutional Law: Constitutional law is considered to be the basic as well as the supreme law of the country. The nature of any State is basically determined by its Constitution. It also provides the structure of the government. All the organs of states derive their powers from the Constitution. Some countries, such as India, have a written Constitution, while countries such as the United Kingdom have an 'uncodified Constitution'. In India, the fundamental rights are granted and protected under the Constitution.

Constitutional Law: Constitutional law is considered to be the basic as well as the supreme law of the country. The nature of any State is basically determined by its Constitution. It also provides the structure of the government. All the organs of states derive their powers from the Constitution. Some countries, such as India, have a written Constitution, while countries such as the United Kingdom have an 'uncodified Constitution'. In India, the fundamental rights are granted and protected under the Constitution.

As per the education system of India the division are awarded on the following basis :-

1st Division :- If the overall aggregate in the examination is at least 60%.

2nd Division :- If the overall aggregate in the concerned examination lies between 30% to 45%( 45% inclusive ).

3rd Division :- In case one manages to secure an aggregate which lies between 30% ( 30% inclusive ) to 45%.

The basic thing about securing good aggregate in any examination is knowing the pattern of examination and preparing according to that. As you are concerned about scoring good marks in board examination then you must go thoroughly through your prescribed textbook i.e; textbook by NCERT. Then you must go through the last year papers of same examination to have the right idea about the pattern of examination so that you can answer in the scoring way. http://entrance-exam.net/forum/general-discussion/how-much-should-i-score-class-10th-get-1st-division-how-should-i-study-get-score-2159748.html

Separation of powers is a doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate. This is also known as the system of checks and balances, because each branch is given certain powers so as to check and balance the other branches. Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances. The system of separation of powers divides the tasks of the state into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. These tasks are assigned to different institutions in such a way that each of them can check the others.