a, Most of the kingdom of the medieval period rise to power and fell frequently.
b. This was because most of the kingdoms, empires were constantly engaged in power struggle amongst themselves.
c. Further internal strife, and invasion from the North west side, resulted in their defeat.

Sufism is a concept in Islam, defined by scholars as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within the Islamic religion.

The word "settler" is used for the Dutch in South Africa, the British in Ireland, New Zealand and Australia, and the Europeans in America. The official language in these colonies was English (except in Canada, where French is also an official language).

It is important to note that the transformation of social and political institutions and daily life was pot just a question of reviving traditions, or tenaciously preserving them, but rather of creatively using them in new and different ways. 
For instance, the Meiji school system, modelled on European and American practices, introduced new subjects but the curriculum's main objective was to make loyal citizens. A course on morals that stressed loyalty to the emperor was compulsory.
Similarly changes in the family or in daily life show how foreign and indigenous ideas were brought together to create something new.

The Chinese path to modernisation was very different. Foreign imperialism, both Western and Japanese, combined with a hesitant and unsure Qing dynasty to weaken government control and set the stage for a breakdown of political and social order leading to immense misery for most of the people. 
Warlordism, banditry and civil war exacted a heavy toll on human lives, as did the savagery of the Japanese invasion. Natural disasters added to this burden.

The Roman social structure:


1. Tacitus described the leading social groups of the early empire as follows: senators (patres, lit. ‘fathers’); leading members of the equestrian class; the respectable section of the people, those attached to the great houses; the unkempt lower class (plebs sordid) who, he tells us, were addicted to the circus and theatrical displays; and finally the slaves.

In the early third century when the Senate numbered roughly 1,000 approximately half of all senators still came from Italian families.

2. By the late empire, which starts with the reign of Constantine I in the early part of the fourth century, the first two groups mentioned by Tacitus (the senators and the equites) had merged into a unified and expanded aristocracy, and at least half of all families were of African or eastern origin.

This ‘late Roman’ aristocracy was enormously wealthy but in many ways less powerful than the purely military elites who came almost entirely from non-aristocratic backgrounds.

3. The ‘middle’ class now consisted of the considerable mass of persons connected with imperial service in the bureaucracy and army but also the more prosperous merchants and farmers of whom there were many in the eastern provinces.

Tacitus described this ‘respectable’ middle class as clients of the great senatorial houses. Now it was chiefly Government service and dependence on the State that sustained many of these families. Below them were the vast mass of the lower classes known collectively as humiliores (lit. ‘lower’).

4. They comprised a rural labour force of which many were permanently employed on the large estates; workers in industrial and mining establishments; migrant workers who supplied much of the labour for the grain and olive harvests and for the building industry; self -employed artisans who, it was said, were better fed than wage labourers; a large mas of casual labourers, especially in the big cities; and of course the many thousands of slaves that were still found all over the western empire in particular.