The East India Company was initially created in 1600 to serve as a trading body for English merchants, specifically to participate in the East Indian spice trade. It later added such items as cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, tea, and opium to its wares and also participated in the slave trade.

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The 'three orders', the focus of this chapter, are three social categories: Christian priests, landowning nobles and peasants. The changing relationships between these three groups was an important factor in shaping European history for several centuries.

Genghis Khan died in 1227, having spent most of his life in military combat. His military achievements were astounding and they were largely a result of his ability to innovate and transform different aspects of steppe combat into extremely effective military strategies.

1. The horse-riding skills of the Mongols and the Turks provided speed and mobility to the army.
2. Their abilities as rapid-shooting archers from horseback were further perfected during regular hunting expeditions which doubled as field manoeuvres.
3. The steppe cavalry had always travelled light and moved quickly, but now it brought all its knowledge of the terrain and the weather to do the unimaginable.
4. They carried out campaigns in the depths of winter, treating frozen rivers as highways to enemy cities and camps.
5. Nomads were conventionally at a loss against fortified encampments but Genghis Khan learnt the importance of seizing engines and naphtha bombardment very quickly.
6. His engineers prepared light portable equipment which was used against opponents with devastating effect.

1. The social and political situation continued to be unstable on 4 May, 1919, an angry demonstration was held in Beijing to protest against the decisions of the post-war peace conference.
2. Despite being an ally of the victorious side led by Britain, China did not get back the territories seized from it.
3. The protest became a movement. It galvanised a whole generation to attack tradition and to call for saving China through modem science, democracy and nationalism.
4. Revolutionaries called for driving out the foreigners, who were controlling the country’s resources, to remove inequalities and reduce poverty.
5. They advocated reforms such as the use of simple language in writing, abolishing the practice of foot-binding and the subordination of women, equality in marriage, and economic development to end poverty.

The Europeans were quite optimistic about gold in North America. In the 1840s, traces of gold were found in the USA. They created a mad race among the Europeans to enter America in the hope of making good fortune. They just wanted to obtain gold to control over the deposits of gold. This race among the Europeans is called Gold Rush. Gold rush helped spur a huge immigration that often led to permanent settlement of new regions. Activities propelled by gold rush defines significant aspects of the culture of the North American frontiers. At a time when the world's money supply was based on gold,  the newly mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the gold fields.

Owning to tropical differences  South Americans were hunter-gatherers, agriculturists and herders. They were simple people contended with their means. They maintained an empire. In North America, native people used to live in a band in villages along the river valleys. Their foods were fish and meat and cultivated vegetables and maize. They went far and distant places in search of meat and their main food which was bison and the wild buffalo. The natives of South America maintained empire, while the natives of North America did not maintain it.

It is thought that Ur had a stratified social system including slaves (captured foreigners), farmers, artisans, doctors, scribes, and priests. High-ranking priests apparently enjoyed great luxury and lived in mansions.

In November 1997, Korea was hit by a currency-cum-banking crisis that left it no option but to seek official assistance from the IMF. Thanks to the help of the IMF, other multilateral institutions, and many of its friends abroad, Korea was able to avoid the worst possible scenario, i.e., a sovereign default.

Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society.

Most historians now agree that there was an industrial revolution (which is a start), although there has been discussion over what exactly constitutes a 'revolution' in industry.

Success in international trade created Britain's high wage, cheap energy economy, and it was the spring board for the Industrial Revolution. High wages and cheap energy created a demand for technology that substituted capital and energy for labour. These incentives operated in many industries.