Both Greece and Rome were peninsulas. They both had plenty of mountains, they were both surrounded by sea(s) on three sides, and they both had a Mediterranean climate. But Rome had fertile soil on their Italian Peninsula, while the Greeks had poor soil on their Pelopennesus Peninsula. Ancient Rome was made up of a structure called a social hierarchy, or division of people into differently-ranked groups depending on their jobs and family. The emperor was at the top of this structure, followed by the wealthy landowners, the common people, and the slaves (who were the lowest class). The society faced Rome was disloyalty, lack of patriotism, and corruption. The social classes became greatly separated because of the economic problems. There was a large contrast between the wealthy and poor.

Augustus established the Roman Empire in 27 BCE. He was called the ‘Principate’ or the ‘leading citizen’. This coinage was done in order to show respect for the Senate.

1. In Mesopotamia until the end of the first millennium BCE, cylindrical stone seals, pierced down the centre, were fitted with a stick and rolled over wet clay so that a continuous picture was created.
2. They were carved by very skilled craftsmen, and sometimes carry writing : the name of the owner, his god, his official position, etc.
3. A seal could be rolled on clay covering the the string knot of a cloth package or the mouth of a pot keeping the contents safe. When rolled on a letter written on a clay tablet, it became a mark of authenticity. So the seal was the mark of a city dweller's role in public life.

Cylinder seals were a small, carved stone cylinder that was used to make an impression in wet clay. When rolled on the wet clay, the seal left an impression that could prove ownership or identity. ... For 3,000 years cylinder seals were used all over Mesopotamia and wherever Mesopotamian influence was felt. Cylinder seals were impression stamps, often quite intricate in design, used throughout Mesopotamia. They were known as kishib in Sumerian and kunukku in Akkadian and were used by everyone, from royals to slaves, in the transaction of business and sending correspondence. They originated in the Late Neolithic Period c.

Type of Government: Mesopotamia was ruled by kings. The kings only ruled a single city though, rather than the entire civilization. For example, the city of Babylon was ruled by King Hammurabi. Each king and city designed the rules and systems that they thought would be most beneficial for their people. The staples of Mesopotamian life were bread, beer and onions. Breakfast might include a porridge or a soup as well as bread with beer to wash it down. People also drank water and milk, though milk spoiled quickly in the hot climate. After breakfast, those who worked in or around their homes began their workday.

Created in China, the printing press revolutionized society there before being further developed in Europe in the 15th Century by Johannes Gutenberg and his invention of the Gutenberg press. German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg is credited with inventing the printing press around 1436, although he was far from the first to automate the book-printing process. Woodblock printing in China dates back to the 9th century and Korean bookmakers were printing with moveable metal type a century before Gutenberg.

Solutrean paintings include images of horses and goats, as well as handprints that were created when artists placed their hands on the cave wall and blew pigment over them to leave a negative image. Numerous other caves in northern Spain contain Paleolithic art, but none is as complex or well-populated as Altamira. The paintings may have been used in religious rituals.
In terms of a specific purpose, some experts believe that the paintings may have been used during a ritual where a shaman would enter the cave and go into a trance in order to make contact with spirits.

Ethnography is the study of contemporary ethnic groups. It includes an examination of their modes of livelihood, technology, gender roles, rituals, political institutions and social customs.

Anthropology is a discipline that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology. It studies the development of man from the physical, cultural and social point of view. It also studies individual, their groups and production.

Artefacts are objects that are made by human beings.  The term can refer to a wide range of things : tools, paintings, sculpture, engravings.

The word Australopithecus is derived from Latin word ‘austral’ means southern and a Greek word ‘pithekos’ which means ‘apes’. Hence, the word means southern apes (Southern Monkey). The earliest human is called so because he resembles them.

Charles Darwin described the idea of evolution in 1859 in his book, The Origin of Species

The dead remains of plants and animals that remain buried inside the layers of earth for millions of years and then preserved for the purpose of study are known as fossils. The study of fossils is significant as it helps us to know about the evolutionary relationships between different organisms and thus also tells us how far this relationship goes.

In catholic Church, it was a very common practice to issue a letter that was known as the "letter of indulgence".

• In catholic Church, it was a very common practice to issue a letter that was known as the "letter of indulgence".

• This practice was performed just before the introduction of reforms in catholic religion.

• In this practice a sinner or repentant receives an exemption from his sins through performing some religious actions and godly deeds.

• This practice was doe on certain occasions when masses of people would gather for some formal events.

• The money was also collected and saved latter for the war against Turk community.

Ancient Rome was made up of a structure called a social hierarchy, or division of people into differently-ranked groups depending on their jobs and family. The emperor was at the top of this structure, followed by the wealthy landowners, the common people, and the slaves (who were the lowest class). There are three main groups of the Roman republic. They are patricians, plebeians, and slaves. The patricians are the highest and wealthiest of the social classes. Most patricians are aristocrats.

Manorial Estate:
i. A lord had his own manor-house. He also controlled villages - some lords controlled hundreds of villages - where peasants lived. A small manorial estate could contain a dozen families, while larger estates might include fifty or sixty.
ii. Almost everything needed for daily life was found on the estate: grain was grown in the fields, blacksmiths and carpenters maintained the lord’s implements and repaired his weapons, while stonemasons looked after his buildings.
iii. Women spun and wove fabric, and children worked in the lord’s wine-presses. The estate had extensive woodlands and forests where the lords hunted. They contained pastures where his cattle and his horses grazed. There was a church on the estate and a castle for defence.
iv. From the thirteenth century, some castles were made bigger for use as a residence for a knight’s family. In fact, in England castles were practically unknown before the Norman Conquest, and developed as centres of political administration and military power under the feudal system.