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| BASIS FOR COMPARISON | PERFECT COMPETITION | MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION |
| Meaning | A market structure, where there are many sellers selling similar goods to the buyers, is perfect competition. | Monopolistic Competition is a market structure, where there are numerous sellers, selling close substitute goods to the buyers. |
| Product | Standardized | Differentiated |
| Price | Determined by demand and supply forces, for the whole industry. | Every firm offer products to customers at its own price. |
| Entry and Exit | No barrier | Few barriers |
| Demand Curve slope | Horizontal, perfectly elastic. | Downward sloping, relatively elastic. |
| Relation between AR and MR | AR = MR | AR > MR |
| Situation | Unrealistic | Realistic |
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The average revenue (AR) of a firm is defined as total revenue per unit of output. The marginal revenue (MR) of a firm is defined as the increase in total revenue for a unit increase in the firm’s output
1. Both AC and MC are derived from total cost (TC). AC refers to TC per unit of output and MC refers to addition to TC when one more unit of output is produced.
2. Both AC and MC curves are U-shaped due to the Law of Variable Proportions. The relationship between the two can be better illustrated through following schedule and diagram.

Relationship between AC and MC:
1. When MC is less than AC, AC falls with increase in the output, i.e. till 3 units of output.
2. When MC is equal to AC, i.e. when MC and AC curves intersect each other at point A, AC is constant and at its minimum point.
3. When MC is more than AC, AC rises with increase in output.
4. Thereafter, both AC and MC rise, but MC increases at a faster rate as compared to AC.
As a result, MC curve is steeper as compared to AC curve.
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| Cardinal Utility | Ordinal Utility |
| It assumes that the satisfaction can be measured & expressed in cardinal i.e. countable numbers. | It assumes that satisfaction cannot be measured in numbers but things can be arranged in the order of our preference. |
| Ram yields 60 utils of satisfaction from pizza and 40 utils from a burger. | Ram yields more satisfaction from Pizzas in comparison to burger. |
| It says that ‘Utility’ is measured in ‘utils’ | It says that ‘Utility’ is rank based on “satisfaction” |
| It is less realistic. | It is more realistic. |
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Yogita Ingle 7 years ago
A fiscal deficit is a gap by which government’s total expenditures exceed the government’s total generated revenue. This, however, does not include the government borrowings.
Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – Total receipts excluding borrowings
Fiscal deficit indicates the amount of money that the government will need to borrow during the financial year. A greater deficit implies more borrowing by the government and the extent of the deficit indicates the amount of expense for which the money is borrowed.

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Nidhi Tiwari 7 years ago
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