Direct personal investigation:

1. In this investigation, the data collected is original in manner.

2. The field of the investigation will be limited

3. The information is highly reliable.

Indirect oral investigation:

1. In this investigation, the method of collecting data may lead to false conclusions.

2. The field of investigation can be large.

3. The information can be wrong or biased.

Production, consumption and distribution are economic activities. ... Consumption is utilisation of goods and services by the individuals with the aim of satisfying their needs and wants. Distribution means allocating or distributing the final goods and services among the different segments of population. Production, distribution, and consumption are related to how goods and services are created and made available to the public. ... As people buy, sell, and make goods, they become interdependent upon one another to supply what they need or to purchase what they sell.

What to produce
As there is the problem of choice, the economy has to decide which goods and services are to be produced. For example, which of the consumer goods such as wheat, rice, cloth are to be produced and which of the capital goods such as machines and tools are to be produced.
When an economy has taken a decision as to what goods or services to be produced, then it has to be about its quantity. How much of consumer goods and capital goods are to be produced.
For example, if an economy decides to produce rice and wheat within a given period with limited resources then it will have to use less of machineries.

Please ask question with complete information.

anything serving to indicate or point out, as a sign or token. a special symptom or the like that points out a suitable remedy or treatment or shows the presence of a disease. an act of indicating. the degree marked by an instrument.

Adding of any provision or changing any provision of the Constitution is referred to as the Constitutional amendment. 

The members of the Constituent Assembly who drafted the Constitution of India did not want it to remain rigid and static. They wanted a Constitution which can reflect changes in the society. The framers wanted the Constitution to be in accordance with the people’s aspirations and changes in society. As a result, they framed a Constitution, whose provisions can be changed keeping in mind the changes occurring in the society.

The Directive Principles constitute a very comprehensive social, economic and political programme for a modern and welfare state. These principles emphasises that the State shall try to promote welfare of people by providing them basic facilities like shelter, food and clothing. Unlike Fundamental Rights, the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are non- binding in nature which means they are not enforceable by the courts for their violation. However, the Constitution itself declares that ‘these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duly of the state to apply these principles in making laws’. Hence, they impose a moral obligation on the state authorities for their implementation.

‘Fundamental Rights’ :
A certain freedoms which are essential for personal and common hood, guaranteed under the India Constitution and have been incorporated in the Fundamental Law of the Land and can be enforced by the Courts are known as ‘Fundamental Right’.

Fundamental duties:

42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added 10 Fundamental Duties to the Indian Constitution. 86th Amendment Act 2002 later added 11th Fundamental Duty to the list. Swaran Singh Committee in 1976 recommended Fundamental Duties, the necessity of which was felt during the internal emergency of 1975-77.

The Fundamental Duties are dealt with Article 51A under Part-IV A of the Indian Constitution. 

Mahatma Gandhi was not a part of the constituent assembly, but his ideas on an eliminating inequality were spelt out in his magazine – the Young Indian as early as 1931.

A Preamble shows what the Constitution aims at and is the introductory part of the Constitution. The Constitution of India is a living document that undergoes amendments. The Preamble begins with ‘We, the People of India…… signifies power is vested in the hands of the people.

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution lays emphasis on the ideals of Sovereignty, Socialism, Secularism and Democratic Republic.

• Sovereign: A nation when it is free in its internal matters from any foreign interference and its external policies are guided by its own interests.
• Socialist: This emphasizes the equitable distribution of national income to all sections of people.
• Secular: This means all religions have equal respect.
• Democratic: People have the right to elect their representatives.
• Republic: The head of the state is an elected person with no hereditary right.

Economics is important for many areas of society. It can help improve living standards and make society a better place. Economics is like science in that it can be used to improve living standards and also to make things worse. It partly depends on the priorities of society and what we consider most important. Economics is the important you get to know how societies, governments, businesses, households, and individuals allocate their scarce resources. The economics can also provide valuable knowledge for making decisions in everyday life. Economics is concerned with the optimal distribution of resources in society.

Singular Sense:
In singular sense, it means the science of counting or science of average. This definition has the following features:

1. Collection of data:
   Most of the statistical analysis is performed on the basis of collected data. The methods of data collection like primary and secondary, census and sampling etc. are related with data collection.
2. Organization of data:
   After collecting data, systematic arrangement is essential. They are organized and presented in table on the basis of rows and columns. This process is known as presentation of data.
3. Analysis of data:
   The organized data presented need to be analyzed. There are various tools of analysis in statistics like average, co-relation, regression, dispersion, etc.
4. Interpretation of data:
   After analysis, results are interpreted and conclusions are drawn. IT is the last and most essential part of the work. If findings are interpreted wrongly, wrong conclusion is obtained.

Plural Sense:
In the plural sense, it refers to the numerical facts and figure systematically collected for some special purpose. This definition has the following features:

1. Statistics are aggregate of facts:
   In statistics, the single numerical figure has no meaning. It is not statistics. The numerical figures of production, income, price of commodities, students of the class etc. are statistics.
2. The values of statistics are numerically expressed:
   The values of statistics are countable as well as numerically expressed. For example, the numbers of students in Siddhartha College in grade 11 are 400. Among them 264 are female and 136 are male, which constitute statistics.
3. Statistics are collected in a systematic manner:
   Firstly, we have to think about the field of study. Then, data should be collected by applying suitable methods and work should be carried out in systematic manner. Otherwise, interpretation and conclusion may be wrong or misleading.
4. Statistics are collected for a pre-determined purpose:
   We must have well defined purpose, specific aims and objectives before we collect data. Suppose, if we want to compare the performance of students in grade XI in Siddhartha College in one subject or more, we must specify the subject and the year, for which comparison is carried out.
5. Statistics makes easy to comparison:
   The collected numerical data constitute statistics if they are comparable. To make valid comparison, the data should be homogeneous. For example, the passed number of students of Siddhartha College and other College constitute statistics, as they are comparable. But weight of the students and their intelligence do not constitute statistics as they are not comparable.

In a free market economy, prices of commodities in the market are affected by the forces of demand and supply. This generates open competition in the market which leads to optimum allocation and utilization of resources in the economy without any planning or intervention of any authority. The resource allocation problem seeks to find an optimal allocation of a fixed amount of resources to activities so as to minimize the cost incurred by the allocation. ... This can be viewed as a special case of the nonlinear programming problem or the nonlinear integer programming problem.

1. Quantitative expression of economic problems: Statistics is an essential tool for an economist

to understand the problems of an economy through quantitative data. Example: The problem of poverty in India can be quantitatively expressed as there is a substantial decline in poverty ratios

in India from 55% in 1973to 36% in 1993. 2. Inter-sectoral and inter-temporal comparisons: This

quantitative data is further used to make inter sectoral comparison ,i.e. across different sectors of the economy and inter-temporal comparisons „i.e. over different plan periods of the rural and urban unemployment.

3. Cause and effect relationship: Different sets of data are used to find the cause and effect relationship. This enables policy makers to formulate policy to solve the problem of an economy

Definition: An inferior good is a type of good whose demand declines when income rises. In other words, demand of inferior goods is inversely related to the income of the consumer.

Description: For example, there are two commodities in the economy -- wheat flour and jowar flour -- and consumers are consuming both. Presently both commodities face a downward sloping graph, i.e. the higher the price the lesser will be the demand and vice versa. If the income of consumer rises, then he would be more inclined towards wheat flour, which is a little costly than jowar flour.

There are a few commodities the demands for which move in the converse path of the earning of the customer. These goods are known as inferior goods.

As the earning of the customer rises, the demand for an inferior good drop, and as the earning drops, the demand for inferior good increases. Instances of inferior goods incorporate low quality food items like cereals. A commodity can be a normal commodity for the customer at some degrees of income and an inferior commodity for them at other degrees of income. At very low levels of earning, a customer’s demand for low-quality cereals can rise with earning. However, after a level, any rise in earning of the customer is likely to drop his or her consumption and utilization of such food items as they change to better quality cereals.

concave to the point of origin

The slope of production possibility curve is marginal opportunity cost which refers to the additional sacrifice that a firm makes when they shift resources and technology from production of one commodity to the other. Since resources are use specific, therefore every time when one more unit of a commodity is produced more units of the other commodity is sacrificed that results in increasing marginal opportunity cost which leads to the concave shape of PPC to the origin.

A schedule or a timetable, as a basic time-management tool, consists of a list of times at which possible tasks, events, or actions are intended to take place, or of a sequence of events in the chronological order in which such things are intended to take place. Schedules are basically tables which contains additional details not mentioned in the articles. Indian Constitution originally had eight schedules. Four more schedules were added by different amendments, now making a total tally of twelve. The post gives a brief idea about all the 12 Schedules of Indian Constitution.

The place inside the earth's crust where the earthquake is generated, is called focus of the earthquake. The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus is called epicentre.