1. Primary Amines:

• n-butyl amine
• sec-butyl amine including 2 optical isomers
• iso-butyl amine
• tert-butyl amine

2. Secondary amines

• N-methyl n-propyl amine
• N-methyl isopropyl amine
• N, N-diethyl amine

3. Tertiary amine

• N-ethyl N, N-dimethyl amine

Ideal solution is that solution which follows Raoult's law. An ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution in which the enthalpy of solution ( ΔHsolution​,ΔVsolution​,ΔSsolution​ is 0 ,with the closer to zero the enthalpy of solution, the more "ideal" the behavior of the solution becomes

Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T. The law is named after Max Planck, who proposed it in 1900. It is a pioneering result of modern physics and quantum theory.

1. Recognise the functional group in the compound. This will determine the suffix of the name 

   Functional group	suffix
   alkane	-ane
   alkene	-ene
   alkyne	-yne
   alcohol	-ol
   aldehyde	-al
   ketone	-one
   carboxylic acid	-oic acid
   ester	-oate

    The suffix associated with various functional groups.

2. Find the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the functional group (it won't always be a straight chain) and count the number of carbon atoms in this chain. This number will determine the prefix (the beginning) of the compound's name .

   Carbon atoms	prefix
   1	meth-
   2	eth-
   3	prop-
   4	but-
   5	pent-
   6	hex-
   7	hept-
   8	oct-
   9	non-
   10	dec-

     The prefix of a compound's name is determined by the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain that contains the functional group.

3. Number the carbons in the longest carbon chain (Important: If the molecule is not an alkane (i.e. has a functional group) you need to start numbering so that the functional group is on the carbon with the lowest possible number). Start with the carbon at the end closest to the functional group.

4.  

   Look for any branched groups:

   • Name them by counting the number of carbon atoms in the branched group and referring totable he group on the main carbon chain. If there is more than one of the same type of branched group then both numbers must be listed (e.g. 2,4 -) and one of the prefixes listed in must be used. Important: If the molecule is an alkane the branched group must be on the carbon with the lowest possible number.
   • The branched groups must be listed before the name of the main chain in alphabetical order (ignoring di/tri/tetra).

   If there are no branched groups this step can be ignored.

   Number	prefix
   2	di-
   3	tri-
   4	tetra-

   Table 4.7: Prefixes for multiple substituents with the same name. These apply to multiple functional groups as well.

5. For the alkyl halides the halogen atom is treated in much the same way as branched groups:

   • To name them take the name of the halogen atom (e.g. iodine) and replace the -ine with -o (e.g. iodo).

     Halogen	name
     fluorine	fluoro
     chlorine	chloro
     bromine	bromo
     iodine	iodo

     Table 4.8: Naming halogen atoms in organic molecules.

   • Give the halogen atom a number to show its position on the carbon chain. If there is more than one halogen atom the numbers should be listed and a prefix should be used (e.g. 3,4-diiodo- or 1,2,2-trichloro-). See <a href="https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-12/organic-molecules/04-organic-molecules-03#tab:organic:prefix2">Table 4.7</a> for a list of the prefixes.
   • The halogen atoms must be listed before the name of the main chain in alphabetical order (ignore di/tri/tetra).

   If there are no halogen atoms this step can be ignored.

6. Combine the elements of the name into a single word in the following order:

   • branched groups/halogen atoms in alphabetical order (ignoring prefixes)
   • prefix of main chain
   • name ending according to the functional group and its position on the longest carbon chain.

• ISOTOPES: Are those elements which have same atomic number ,but different mass number.
• 
•  ISOBARS: Are those elements which have same mass number, but different atomic number.
• 

he SI unit of luminous intensity is Candela and temperature is Kelvin.

Inductive effect is an effect in which permanent polarization arises due to partial isplacement of sigma e- along carbon chain or partial displacement of sigma-bonded electron toward more electronegative atom in carbon chain i.e. Magnitude of partial positive charge: Inductive effect is a permanent effect.

 Aromatic heterocyclic compounds: Aromatic cyclic compounds containing one or more heteroatoms in their molecules are called aromatic heterocyclic compounds. For example,

A) Work function of caesium (WO) = hv_o

Therefore v_o = W_O/h = 1.9 x1.602 x10^-19 / 6.626x10^-34

= 4.59x10¹⁴/sec

B) λ_o =c/v_o = 3x10⁸ / 4.59x10¹⁴ = 6.54x10^-7m

C) K.E of ejected electron = h(v-v_o) = hc(1/λ – 1/ λ_o)

=(6.626x3x10^-26) (1/500x10^-9 – 1/654x10^-9)

=(6.626x3x10^-26) / 10^-9(154/500x654)

= 9.36x10^-20J

k.E = 1mv²/2 = 9.36x10^-20J

=9.1x10^-31/2 = 9.36x10^-20J

Or

v2 = 20.55x10¹⁰m²s^-2

Or

v = 4.53x10⁵ms^-1

The Ostwald’s Dilution Law is defined for a weak electrolyte as “ the degree of ionization is proportional to the square root of the molar concentration or directly proportional to square root of the volume of the solution which contains one mole of the electrolyte.”

Mathematically, we can write Ostwald’s Dilution Law as below:e

                                           α = √ k_a/C   = √ k_aV

                                     Or, α = √ k_b/C   = √ k_bV

Wilhelm Ostwald’s dilution law is a relationship proposed in 1888 between the dissociation constant Kd and the degree of dissociation α of a weak electrolyte. The law takes the form Where the square brackets denote concentration, and c₀ is the total concentration of electrolyte. Ostwald's dilution law describes the dissociation constant of the weak electrolyte with the degree of dissociation (α) and the concentration of the weak electrolyte.  α = degree of dissociation. Ostwald's dilution law states that only at infinite dilution the weak electrolyte undergoes complete ionization.

• The boundary surface diagram for the s orbital looks like a sphere having the nucleus as its centre which in two dimensions can be seen as a circle.
• Hence, we can say that s-orbitals are spherically symmetric having the probability of finding the electron at a given distance equal in all the directions.
• The size of the s orbital is also found to increase with the increase in the value of the principal quantum number (n), thus, 4s > 3s> 2s > 1s.