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Yogita Ingle 4 years ago
Reduction
Reduction is defined as the memoval of oxygen/electronegative element from a substance or addition of hydrogen or electropositive element to a substance.
For example,
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Yogita Ingle 4 years ago
Oxidation is defined as the addition of oxygen/electronegative element to a substance or rememoval of hydrogen/ electropositive element from a susbtance.
For example,
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Yogita Ingle 4 years ago
The common oxidation state of group 16 elements is +2, +4, +6.
The group 16 elements, also known as the chalcogens have 6 valence electrons, and hence they can achieve noble gas configuration either by gaining 2 electrons or by sharing two electrons i.e., by forming M2- ions, or forming two covalent bonds. The oxidation state of elements is defined as the number of electrons gained or lost to form a bond and its sign is the indication of ionic charge on the element. Oxygen is the most electronegative element after fluorine. The difference in electronegativity between metals and oxygen is generally very high. We know that ionic bond is formed when the difference in electronegativity of any two elements is very high. Thus, metals and oxygen combine to form a metal oxide with oxygen attaining O2- form, so the oxidation state of oxygen is mostly (-II).
Electronegativity of chalcogens decreases down the group in the periodic table. Other chalcogen elements like sulphur, selenium, and tellurium react with a more electronegative element of group 1, 2 and lanthanides i.e., the uppermost elements of group 1, 2 and lanthanides to form sulphides, selenides, and tellurides. These compounds are the most stable compounds formed by these elements. Compounds formed above can be denoted as S2-, Se2-, and Te2-. The electronegativity difference between the compounds (sulphides, selenides, and tellurides) shows that they are on the borderline of 50% ionic and 50% covalent characters as in the case of PCl5. Phosphorus pentachloride is sometimes covalent in the solid state but is ionic in the aqueous state.
The chalcogen group can also share their two electrons with another element to form two covalent bonds for example H2O,F2O,Cl2O,H2S and SCl2. In the given examples the chalcogen elements have the least electronegativity. As we can see in the case of SCl2 (the electronegativity of chlorine = 3.5 and sulphur =2.5) and the oxidation state of sulphur is (+II).
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Yogita Ingle 4 years ago
The metals always have oxidation number in positive and non metal in negative when present together in ionic compounds.
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Reduction and oxidation if occur simultaneously are called as 'redox' reaction
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Yogita Ingle 4 years ago
1. Primary Amines:
- n-butyl amine
- sec-butyl amine including 2 optical isomers
- iso-butyl amine
- tert-butyl amine
2. Secondary amines
- N-methyl n-propyl amine
- N-methyl isopropyl amine
- N, N-diethyl amine
3. Tertiary amine
- N-ethyl N, N-dimethyl amine
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Ideal solution is that solution which follows Raoult's law. An ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution in which the enthalpy of solution ( ΔHsolution,ΔVsolution,ΔSsolution is 0 ,with the closer to zero the enthalpy of solution, the more "ideal" the behavior of the solution becomes
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Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T. The law is named after Max Planck, who proposed it in 1900. It is a pioneering result of modern physics and quantum theory.
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Dεερακ Ȿιηɠꜧ 4 years ago
$$\hat{H}$$= hamiltonian operator
$$\Psi$$ = wave function
E = energy
Conservation of Energy
Schrodinger equation is written as HΨ = EΨ, where h is said to be a Hamiltonian operator.
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Yogita Ingle 4 years ago
Dalton’s law of partial pressures is a gas law which states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each individual gas in the mixture. For example, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of two gases A and B is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures exerted by gas A and gas B (as illustrated below).
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