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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
Hess’s Law- The law for constant heat summation was derived in the year 1840, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician, Germain Hess, derived a relationship in thermochemistry for calculating the standard reaction enthalpy for multistep reactions. It basically exploits the properties of state functions, that is the value of state functions do not depend on the path taken for formation or dissociation rather it depends only on state at the moment (temperature, pressure, volume, etc). As we know enthalpy is a state function, hence, it is independent of the path taken to reach the final state starting from the initial state. According to Hess’s law, “for a multistep reaction the standard reaction enthalpy is independent of the pathway or number of steps taken, rather it is the sum of standard enthalpies of intermediate reactions involved at the same temperature”.
Posted by Farhan Khan 7 years, 1 month ago
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
Enthalpy or Heat of Reaction:
It is the change in enthalpy that accompanies a chemical reaction represented by a balanced chemical equation.
ΔrH = ΣH(p) – ΣH(R)
Enthalpy of reaction expressed at the standard state conditions is called standard enthalpy of reaction (ΔH).
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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
Azimuthal quantum number:
Azimuthal quantum number (or) orbital quantum number represents the sub shell to which an electron belongs.
Azimuthal quantum number is denoted by the symbol l.
Value of l ranges from 0 to (n-1).
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) = 0
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) = 1
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) = 2
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) = 3
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Gaurav Seth 7 years, 1 month ago
The process of "intermixing of atomic orbitals of nearly same energies to form a new set of orbitals having equivalent energies" is called hybridization. And orbitals which are formed in hybridization process are called hybrid orbitals.
Conditions for the hybridization:
· Orbitals of same element should take part in the hybridization.
· There should be minimum difference between the orbitals undergoing hybridization.
Characteristics of Hybridization:
· During hybridization the number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals involved in hybridization.
· Hybrid orbitals form more stable and stronger bonds than pure atomic orbitals.
· Hybridization does not take place in isolated atoms and possible in those atoms which are prior to participate in chemical bonding.
Types of Hybridization:
· Different types of orbitals intermix with each other to form different types of hybrid orbitals.
· Hybrid orbitals are formed by mixing of s, p and d atomic orbitals.
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???. Pragati 7 years, 1 month ago
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