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Yogita Ingle 7 years, 1 month ago
The pressure exerted by the vapours of any liquid is called its vapour pressure.
Suppose a beaker is partially filled with any liquid. Then the molecules of that liquid at its surface will start evaporating on their own even without heating. This happens because the molecules at surface behave differently than those in the bulk. Now these molecules get converted into vapours which exert some pressure on the walls of the beaker, which is the vapour pressure of that liquid.
Vapour pressure of any liquid depends upon the following factors:
(i) Temperature: As the temperature of the liquid is raised, more molecules get evaporated and thus exert more pressure. So vapour pressure will increase.
(ii) Intermolecular forces: If the intermolecular attractions between the molecules of liquid are stronger, then its vapour pressure would be low as it would be difficult to convert that liquid into vapours.
(iii) Addition of solute: Addition of solute raises the boiling point of any liquid, i.e. its will boil at a higher temperature. Thus it will lower the vapour pressure of that liquid.
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Isotopic effect or isotope effect is the difference in properties of same element due to different atomic masses. For ex: the three isotopes of hydrogen protium, deuterium and tritium have same atomic (no. 1) but they have different no. of neutrons which change their masses and so their chemical properties remain same but the other properties like rate of equilibrium constants differ in the three.
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Chromatography: (Tswett 1906) is a general term which involves processes by which is a mixture of different substances can be:(a) separated, (b) purified and (c) identified. Originally this technique was employed to separate coloured components from their mixture in the form of distinct zones as rings called Chromatograms. Now it is used for the separation and purification of coloured as well as colourless substances.
Principle: The technique of chromatography is based on the fact that different constituents of a mixture are adsorbed to different extents by given adsorbent. The medium which carries the mixture of example solvent (such as ether, benzene, alcohol etc.) is called a moving phase and the medium in which various components are adsorbed (such as alumina, silica gel etc.) is called the stationary phase.
The important types of chromatography are:
(i) Column chromatography
(ii) TLC or thin layer chromatography
(iii) Gas chromatography
(iv) Paper chromatography.
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According to de Broglie electron is considered as wave and thus circular orbit where electron revolving should contain wavelength as a whole number.
So the circumference (C) of this circle in terms of radius can be written as,
C = 2πr
And whole number of wavelengths (nλ) should be equal to this circumference
Thus, 2πr = nλ
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Ayushi Ayushi 7 years, 1 month ago
1Thank You