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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 11 months ago
Friedel Crafts alkylation reaction can be explained as the alkylation of an aromatic ring using an alkyl halide in presence of a strong Lewis acid which acts as a catalyst. In the following given reaction, AlCl3 is used as a catalyst and the aromatic ring taken is benzene.
Posted by S ? George ☺☺ 5 years, 11 months ago
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Posted by Subramanya Nayak 5 years, 11 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 11 months ago
sp hybridization is observed when one s and one p orbital in the same main shell of an atom mix to form two new equivalent orbitals. The new orbitals formed are called sp hybridized orbitals. It forms linear molecules with an angle of 180°
- This type of hybridization involves the mixing of one ‘s’ orbital and one ‘p’ orbital of equal energy to give a new hybrid orbital known as an sp hybridized orbital.
- sp hybridization is also called diagonal hybridization.
- Each sp hybridized orbital has an equal amount of s and p character, i.e., 50% s and p character.
Examples of sp Hybridization:
- All compounds of beryllium like BeF2, BeH2, BeCl2
- All compounds of carbon-containing triple Bond like C2H2.
Posted by S ? George ☺☺ 5 years, 11 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 11 months ago
We can explain this by heisenberg's uncertainty principle .
Formula = Δx . Δp > h/4π
Δx . m . Δv> h/4π
Δv> h/4π·Δx·m
Now if electron is in the nucleus then Δx= 10^-15m (size of nucleus)
{tex}m= 9.1 × 10^-31kg, h= 6.626× 10^-34{/tex}
If we substitute all the values and just observe the power on ten we get
Δv > _______x10^11
that is an electron cannot have velocity greater than the velocity of light.
hence it cannot exist in nucleus
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 11 months ago
- Rutherford proposed that the electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed paths called orbits. According to Maxwell, accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations and hence an electron revolving around the nucleus should emit electromagnetic radiation. This radiation would carry energy from the motion of the electron which would come at the cost of shrinking of orbits. Ultimately the electrons would collapse in the nucleus. Calculations have shown that as per Rutherford model an electron would collapse in the nucleus in less than 10-8 seconds. So Rutherford model was not in accordance with Maxwell’s theory and could not explain the stability of an atom.
- One of the drawbacks of the Rutherford model was also that he did not say anything about the arrangement of electrons in an atom which made his theory incomplete.
- Although the early atomic models were inaccurate and failed to explain certain experimental results, they were the base for future developments in the world of quantum mechanics.
Posted by Alok Singh 5 years, 11 months ago
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- When two equal and opposite forces are applied to a body in a certain direction , the body extends along that direction and at the same time it contracts along the perpendicular direction.
- The fractional change in length of the body in the direction of the applied forces is longitudinal strain and fractional change in the perpendicular direction of the force applied is called lateral strain.
- The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is called Poisson's ratio which is constant for material of that body.
Posted by Akram Ansari 5 years, 11 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 11 months ago
Benzene is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. As temperature increases there is a greater chance of getting more than one nitro group, -NO2, substituted onto the ring.
Nitrobenzene is formed.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 11 months ago
By definition, the enthalpy of formation of elements in their standard state is taken as zero. Therefore, The enthalpies of all elements in their standard states is zero irrespective of the element.
Posted by Suyash Singh 5 years, 11 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 11 months ago
Inductive effect :It is a permanent effect it depends on the neighbouring group.IT can be +I or -I effect , for example if an electron withdrawing group is attached in a carbon chain
H3C-H2C-H2C-Cl
then it will pull the electron clouds towards itself,although there is no proper losing or gaining of electrons.
Electromeric effect:It is temporary effect which takes place betwen two atoms joined by a multiple bond .This occurs at the requirements of the attacking reagent and involves instantaneous transfer of a shared pair of electrons of the multiple bond to one of the linked atoms.
Mesomeric effect:There are many molecules whose behavior cannot be explained by a single lewis structure , infact the actual molecule is said to be in resonance with its other resonance hybrid .
for example:benzene
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S ? George ☺☺ 5 years, 10 months ago
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