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Yogita Ingle 6 years ago
Salts can be classified into the following types:
a) Normal salt
A salt that does not contain any replaceable hydrogen ions is a normal salt. It is obtained by replacing all the hydrogen ions of an acid by metal ions or ammonium ions. Examples: NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4, NH4Cl, K2CO3, CuSO4 etc.
b) Bisalts or Acid salts
A bisalt, or an acid salt contains replaceable hydrogen ions in association with the acidic radicals. It is obtained by the incomplete replacement of hydrogen ions by metal ions or ammonium ions.
Examples: NaHCO3, NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4.
Since such salts also contain hydrogen ion, the term 'bi' or acid can be substituted by hydrogen, e.g. sodium bicarbonate or sodium acid carbonate is also called sodium hydrogen carbonate.
When bisalts or acid salts dissociate in water, they yield hydrogen or hydronium ions.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years ago
Quantum numbers: Quantum numbers are numbers that designate and distinguish various atomic orbitals and electrons present in an atom.
Four quantum numbers are used to define the state of an electron completely, namely principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number and spin quantum number.
Principal quantum number:
Principal quantum number determines the energy shell in which an electron revolves around the nucleus.
Principal quantum number is also known as the major energy level.
Principal quantum number is denoted by the symbol n.
Principal Quantum Number (n) = 1, 2, 3, …….
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Gaurav Seth 6 years ago
Preparation :
When we heat baking soda then hydrogen gas released and sodium carbonate left.
When water is added to sodium carbonate then it becomes washing soda.
Equation :
2Nahco3 = Na2CO3 +h2O+co2
Na2CO3 +10h2O =Na2CO3.10H2O
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Yogita Ingle 6 years ago
Generally, the electronic configuration of these elements is (n-1) d 1–10ns 1–2. The (n–1) remains for the inward d orbitals which may have one to ten electrons and the peripheral ns orbital may have one or two electrons. The d–block involves the middle area flanked by s– and p– blocks in the periodic table. The very name "transition" given to the elements of d-block is simply because of their position amongst s– and p– block elements. The d–orbitals of the penultimate energy level in their atoms get electrons leading to the three columns of the transition metals, i.e., 3d, 4d and 5d. The fourth line of 6d is still inadequate
Posted by Ishfaq Wani 6 years ago
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Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons into various orbitals of an atom by using three principles.
Aufbau principle states that in the ground state of the atoms the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies. Electrons first occupy the lowest-energy orbital and then enter into successive higher energy orbitals. The electrons enter into various orbitals in an increasing order of (n+l).
Pauli's Exclusion Principle states that: An orbital can have maximum two electrons with opposite spin.
Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity states that: Electron pairing in p, d and f orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a given sub-shell contains one electron each or is singly occupied.
- We can represent the electronic configuration of atoms in two ways.
- Orbital diagram method
- nlx method
Electronic configuration of the first ten elements - Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, and Neon given in following table.
After filling the 2p orbitals, the electrons fill into the 3s and then the 3p orbitals.
The electronic configurations of most of the elements can be write in a simplified manner or condensed form.
The eleventh electron in Sodium will enter the 3s orbital. Therefore, the electronic configuration of Sodium can also be written in a condensed form as [Ne] 3s¹.
Following table gives condensed form for elements from Sodium to Potassium.
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Kamlesh Kks 6 years ago
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