It is the other name of retained earnings. Generally company does not distribute all its profits among the shareholders as dividend. Rather a part of it is retained to form general reserves. This general reserve is used by the company to develop and expand its business. Use of the undistributed profits in this manner is called ploughing back of profits.
Following advantages one can accrue
(i) Company does not have to spend any amount to obtain it.
(ii) The amount lying in the general reserves protects the company from the bad scenario or from ups and downs.
(iii) A company can adopt the policy of stable dividend on the strength of general reserves.
(iv) Expansion plans of the company can he executed easily because of the presence of such reserves.

Equity and preference share, retrained earnings, gdr

If it is owners fund then answer will be equity shares and preference shares

capital and divident

10

A minimum of ten members are required to form a cooperative society. The Co operative societies Act do not specify the maximum number of members for any co-operative society. However, after the formation of the society, the member may specify the maximum number of members.

B2C (Business-to-Customers) transactions have business firms at one end and its customers on the other end. The salient aspects of B2C Commerce are as follows
(i) Online Selling B2C commerce involves selling the products online to customers who register for online shopping. However, it must be appreciated that ‘selling’ is the outcome of the marketing process.
(ii) Online Marketing B2C commerce includes a wide gamut of marketing activities such as promotion and sometimes even delivery of products (e.g., music or e-books) that are carried out online at a much lower cost but high speed.

The main responsibilities of business towards consumers are:

• To supply better quality goods at the right time at a reasonable price
• To provide after sale service on the basis of nature of a product
• To provide information about the changes introduced by the business
• To take necessary steps to improve quality, reduce price and develop the network for distribution
• To avoid unfair trade practices like black marketing, adulteration, false advertising etc.

The following are the responsibility of business towards its employees:

• To ensure job security
• To create a cordial relationship between management and workers
• To participate employees in decision making and profit sharing programs
• To provide an opportunity for training, promotion, and career development
• To hear and handle the grievances of employees and workers

 

Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services.E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network. A more complete definition is: E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals.
Benefits of E-Commerce
Immediacy - no going to the shops or waiting in queues.
Price - goods bought online tend to be cheaper.
24-hour availability - the shop never closes.
Speed - you'll locate what you want much quicker.
Less paperwork - always a good thing!
Global markets - neither you nor the vendor are restricted to your/their locality.

The following are the responsibility of business towards its employees:

• To ensure job security
• To create a cordial relationship between management and workers
• To participate employees in decision making and profit sharing programs
• To provide an opportunity for training, promotion, and career development
• To hear and handle the grievances of employees and workers

The main responsibilities of business towards consumers are:

• To supply better quality goods at the right time at a reasonable price
• To provide after sale service on the basis of nature of a product
• To provide information about the changes introduced by the business
• To take necessary steps to improve quality, reduce price and develop the network for distribution
• To avoid unfair trade practices like black marketing, adulteration, false advertising etc.

Cottage industries are those where artistic goods are produced using manual techniques. For example, handloom, weaving, etc.
Cottage industry is characterised by the following features
(i) It is organised by individuals, with private resources.
. (ii) It normally uses family labour and locally available talent.
(iii) The equipment used in it are simple.
(iv) Its capital investment is small.
(v) It produces simple products, normally in its own premises.
(vi) It produces goods using indigenous technology.

Transaction risk, Data storage n transmission risk, N privacy risk

To coordinate the activities of other financial institutions . Direct assistance to industrial concern n promotion and coordination of financial technical services.

Discounting meane encashing the bill before the date of maturity or borrowing from the bank on the security of the bill.

Any enterprise which employs not more than 50 persons when using power and 100 when not using power and with capital assets not exceeding ₹ 5 lakh.

Hlo

Hiii

The capital obtained by issue of equity shares is known as equity share capital. It is the important source of obtaining the long term finance. Equity shareholders are the owners of the company. The rate of dividend is paid after meeting all other claims. They have a right to vote and participate in the management of the company. They enjoy the reward as well as bear the risk.

• Merits :

1. Equity share capital doesn’t create any charge on the assets of the company.
2. Voting rights of equity shareholders assure democratic control over management of the company.
3. Equity share capital is to be repaid only at the
   time of winding up of a company and hence it is permanent capital of the business.
4. There is no burden on the company in respect of dividend payable to equity shareholders because it is not compulsory to pay dividend.
5. Equity shares are generally suitable for those investors who are willing to undertake risk for higher returns.
6. Equity share capital increases credit worthiness of the company and also provides confidence to prospective loan providers. 

a reason, fact, circumstance, or explanation that justifies or defends:

Goods are things that are made to be sold.

Try

Minimum Subscription: It is the minimum amount of money to be collected by the company from the public by way of subscription towards the share capital.

A Public Company has to next start accumulating the necessary capital to start its business activity. For this the promoters issue the prospectus to the public inviting their subscriptions towards capital. After receiving the applications for shares towards the share capital, a public company has to allot shares to the public. The company cannot make allotment of shares unless the following conditions are fulfilled. Conditions of Allotment: 1. Minimum subscription as stated in the prospectus is to be received. 2. The application money not less than 5% of the nominal value of shares has to be received. 3. The application money is to be deposited in a Scheduled Bank. 4. If prospectus is not issued, statement in lieu of prospectus is made and delivered to Registrar at least 3 days before the first allotment. 5. If minimum subscription is not received within 120 days of the date of issue of prospectus the application money is to be refunded within next ten days. 6. Listing the shares in a stock exchange if stated in prospectus and Articles of Association.

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U can take help from bst book of poonam gandhi. In page 306 it is given project on babking.

Equity shares and retained earning

Equity shares and prefrence shares

Answer of this question may be Interest

What is the advantages of borrowed capital in comparison of owner capital?

Two way purpose is served by wholesalers providing warehousing facilities in the following manner
(i) Wholesalers take delivery of goods when these are produced in factory and keep them in their godowns/warehouses which reduces the burden of manufacturers of providing for storage facilities for the finished products.
(ii) Warehousing by wholesalers relieves the retailers of the work of collecting goods from several producers and keeping big inventory of the same for maintaining adequate stock of varied commodities for the customers.

A departmental store is a large establishment offering a wide variety of products, classified into well-defined departments, aimed at satisfying practically every customer’s need under one roof. It has a number of departments, each one confining its activities to one kind of product, e.g., there may be separate departments for toiletries, medicines, furniture, groceries, electronics, clothing and dress material. Thus, they satisfy diverse market segments with a wide variety of goods and services.
Some of the important features of a departmental store are as follows
(i) A modem departmental store may provide all facilities such as restaurant, restrooms, etc. In this way they try to provide maximum service to higher class of customers for whom price is of secondary importance.
(ii) These stores are generally located at a central place in the city, which caters to a large number of customers.
(iii) They are generally formed as a joint stock company managed by a board of directors as the size
of these stores is very large.
(iv) A departmental store combines both the functions of retailing as well as warehousing. They purchase directly from manufacturers and operate separate warehouses thereby eliminating undesirable middlemen between the producers and the customers.
Chain stores or multiple shops are networks of retail shops that are owned and operated by manufacturers or intermediaries. Under this type of arrangement, a number of shops with similar appearance are established in localities, spread over different parts of the country in contrast to departmental stores which are established at a central place in the city. These different types of shops normally deal in standardized and branded consumer products, which have rapid sales . turnover. These shops are run by the same organisation and have identical merchandising strategies, with identical products and displays

It refers to socially determined moral principles which govern the activities of a business.

Ethics means moral value. It means what should be done n what should be avoided.

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Really we are not preparing the paper so how We will know ki paper kaise bnta hai

Jo paper bnata h usse pucho ... Hum thodhi bnate h .... PAPER !!?

Commerce refers to that activity which is conducted to remove the gap between production place and consumption place.

Commerce is a business

The world of business in changing e-business and outsourcing are two most obvious expressions of this change. The newer modes of business. E-business and BPO are not new business, but simply the new ways of doing business. Interestingly, the two trends of e-business & BPO are continuing to evolve, and that is why these are referred as “Emerging modes of Business”.

Le ans ,???