The main differences between a departmental undertaking and a public corporation are: 1. As a departmental undertaking does not have a separate legal entity, it cannot be used. On the other hand, statutory corporation has a separate legal entity, it can be sued.  2. The funds of a departmental undertaking consist of budgetary allocation made by the Government. But the funds of a statutory corporation consist of share capital wholly contributed by the government and funds borrowed by the corporation from the government or from the public.  3. A departmental undertaking is subject to more government control and regulation than a statutory corporation.  4. A departmental undertaking does not enjoy flexibility of operations, whereas a statutory corporation has considerable flexibility of operations.  5. A departmental undertaking cannot borrow funds from the public. But a statutory corporation can borrow funds from the public. 6. A departmental oranisation is an old type of state enterprise, whereas a statutory corporation is a modern type of state enterprise.  7. A departmental organization is not created by any act, whereas a statutory corporation is created by a special act of the parliament.  8. A departmental undertaking is established by a ministry. But a public corporation is established by the parliament or legislature.  9. A departmental undertaking does not have a separate legal entity. On the other hand, a statutory corporation has a separate legal entity.  10. A departmental undertaking is subject to more government control and regulation than statutory corporations.Read more on Sarthaks.com - https://www.sarthaks.com/614851/distinguish-between-departmental-undertakings-and-statutory-corporations

A feature of the construction industry is long-lasting output such as the apartment, building, highways. The peculiar feature of the construction industry that it needs other enterprises to sustain them which can contribute to the gross domestic product of the country.

The chief consumer of the construction industry is the public sectors owned by the government for infrastructure development. Construction industries require various places, diverse resources and inputs, and multiple stages of their methods. However, there is discontinuities and contingencies in-demand model.

The main objectives of management are: Getting Maximum Results with Minimum Efforts - The main objective of management is to secure maximum outputs with minimum efforts & resources.

• Commercial paper is a short-term unsecured money market instruments introduced in India in 1990.
• Also a promissory note which is negotiable and transferable.
• Have a maturity period ranging from a minimum of 15 days to a maximum of one year.
• Primarily used by large and creditworthy companies for bridge financing i.e. used as an alternative to borrowings from bank and capital market.
• The companies pay an interest rate lower than the market rates and are used for purposes such as to meet the floatation cost on long-term borrowings from the capital market.

Advantages

• It is more liquefiable and free to transfer.
• It provided more funds rather than any other source.
• No restrictive condition as it is unsecured money market instrument
• The cost involved in issuing commercial paper for a firm is lower than the cost the commercial bank loans.
• It is a continuous source of funds as their maturity can be adjusted according to the firm the one who issued the commercial paper.

Disadvantages

• The firm one who has good financial background can issue commercial paper as it is based on unsecured money market.
• Only limited fund can be raised through commercial paper.
• Maturity period cannot be extended at times of firm’s financial problem.

Functions of profit:
1.Source of income : It is the most important source of income and provides livelihood for the businessman. Everyone has to satisfy his needs and hence no one is expected to undertake business activities without any earnings for the same.
2. Source of finance : Profit is a source of finance for expansion and diversification of business activities, A part of the profits can be retained for increasing the volume of the business. Retention of profit is always considered the best way for carrying out business activities.
3. Efficient working: Profit is required for efficient and smooth functioning of the business. It is considered as a barometer for judging the performance of the business.
4. Goodwill : Profit helps in building the reputation or goodwill of the business firms. With profit increasing over time, a business enterprise gains reputation. Such goodwill creates market standing which ultimately helps to raise loans and thereby obtain credit more easily.
5. Reward for risk bearing : Risk is always associated with any business. A person who invests money in the business has to bear the risk also. In the eventuality of loss due to any risk, the businessman doesn’t stop the business. It is the profit element that motivates him to carry on with business even in the case of losses.
6. Social responsibility : Higher profits make better remuneration and amenities possible. It increases the standard of living of workers. A firm with a higher profit is in a position to carry out its social responsibility towards various groups.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme is world's largest community based programme. The scheme is targeted at children upto the age of 6 years, pregnant and lactating mothers and women 16–44 years of age. The scheme is aimed to improve the health, nutrition and education (KAP) of the target community. Launched on 2 October 1975, the scheme has completed 25 years of its operational age.

Outsourcing has emerged as a way of doing business due to global competitive pressures for higher quality products at lower costs, ever demanding customers and emerging technologies. Need for outsourcing can be understood from the benefits which are given below:
Focusing of Attention: Business firms are realizing the importance of focusing on core areas where they have distinct ability and core competence and contracting out the rest of the activities to their outsourcing partners. A business organization needs to decide its core areas and non-core areas. Once they outsource non-core areas, they can focus their attention on selected activities. It will increase efficiency and effectiveness.
Quest for Excellence: Outsourcing enables the firms to attain excellence in two ways: (a) By focusing on activities selected, their excellence in those activities increases. (b) They excel by extending their capabilities through contracting out the remaining activities to them who excel in them.
Cost Reduction: In the age of globalization, cost reduction is of vital importance to survive in the market. Division of labour not only enhances quality but also reduces cost. For example, India is preferred as an outsourcing destination because of cost factors.
Growth through alliance: When some activities are outsourced then these alliance partners invest for the outsourced activities. Business can be expanded by same amount of investible funds as now these funds are to be invested in limited number of activities.
Fillip to Economic Development: Outsourcing stimulates entrepreneurship, employment and exports in the host countries. For example, in India there has been remarkable growth in entrepreneurship, employment and exports that today India is an undisputed leader in software development and IT enable services. But outsourcing is not an unmixed blessing. It has its own limitations. Some of which are discussed below:
Confidentiality: When a business opts for outsourcing, it has to share a lot of vital information and knowledge. This information may be leaked by the outsourcing partner. It may be against the outsourcing firm. It is also possible that the outsourcing partner starts a business of same line after getting such information.
Ethical Concerns: Many a time, outsourcing makes use of child labour and violates labour laws to reduce costs. They also discriminate in wages on the basis of ***.
Sweat Shopping: A firm which goes in for outsourcing actually transfers ‘doing’ skills rather than ‘thinking’ skills. Therefore, they do not create skilled manpower in developing countries but just take maximum benefit of low cost labour by transferring non intellectual tasks.
Resentment in their Home Countries: Outsourcing is being disliked by people in developed countries because the jobs which they could get are being transferred to developing countries through outsourcing. The problem is still more severe if there is problem of unemployment in home country of outsourcing firm.

Public-Private Partnership refers to the involvement of private sector in the Govt, projects aimed at public benefit in the form of management expertise and monetary contribution.
The following are the main features of PPP :
PPPs are related to high priority Govt, planned projects.
(2)PPP’s main objective is to combine the skills, expertise and experience of both public and private sectors to deliver high quality services.
(3)PPPs divide the risk between public and private sector.
(4)The Govt, remains accountable for the quality and costs of the services.
(5)PPPs are used in the Govt, projects aimed at public benefit.
(6)PPPs projects lead to faster implementation and reduced life cycle.

According to section 464(1) of the Companies Act,2013, no association or partnership consisting of more than such number of persons as may be prescribed shall be formed for the purpose of carrying on any business that has for its object the acquisition of gain by the association or partnership or by the individual members thereof, unless it is registered as a company under this Act or is formed under any other law for the time being in force: Provided that the number of persons which may be prescribed under this sub-section shall not exceed one hundred. Further, the Companies (Miscellaneous) Rules, 2014, provides that no association or partnership shall be formed, consisting of more than 50 persons for the purpose of carrying on any business that has for its objects the acquisition of gain by the association or partnership or by individual members thereof, unless it is registered as a company under the Act or is formed under any other law for the time being in force.

It is not compulsory for partnership firms to get themselves registered. However, it is beneficial to get themselves registered because an unregistered firm has to suffer the following consequences :
1.A partner of an unregistered firm cannot file a suit against any other partner or the firm for enforcing his legal rights.
2.An unregistered firm cannot file a suit against any third party or partner for enforcing legal rights.
3.Any partner of an unregistered firm cannot claim a set off in a legal proceeding carried on against the firm by a third party for enforcing any legal right.
4.No salary or commission is provided to any of the partners.