Services provided by wholesalers are as follows:

1. Buying and assembling : The wholesaler buys the product from the manufacturer and collects the same at one place and supplies goods to the retailers according to their requirement.
2. Storage function : The wholesaler also performs the storage function. The goods are purchased by the wholesalers from the manufacturers and stored at warehouses in order to meet the demand of retailers. The wholesalers act as bridge between the production and consumption of goods.
3. Breaking the bulk : The wholesaler purchases goods from manufacturers in bulk and avails discounts. He sells goods in small quantities to the retailers which saves the retailers from maintaining large stocks.
4. Advertisement : A wholesaler undertakes advertising and sales promotion of the product which automatically result in the increase in sales.
5. Market information : Wholesalers inform the retailers about the introduction of new products in the market. He also gets feedback from the retailers about the needs and preferences of customers. He passes the information to the producer to make necessary changes in the products.
6. Risk bearing : The wholesalers have to maintain optimum levels of stock in their godowns to meet the demands of the retailer. The retailer’s risk of maintaining godowns, price fluctuations, etc., are
   reduced to a great level.

Internal Trade also known as Domestic Trade is the buying and selling of goods and services within the confines of the international boundaries of a nation. So while import and export are important for the economy of a nation, most of its GDP contribution comes from internal trade. 

Some of the common incentives provided by the government far industries in backward and hilly areas are as fallows
(i) Land Every state offers developed plots for setting up of industries. The terms and
conditions may vary. Some states don’t charge rent in the initial years, while some allow ’ '
payment in instalments.
(ii) Power Power is supplied at a concessional rate of 50 %, while some states exempt such units from payment in the initial years.
(iii) Water Water is supplied on no-profit, no-loss basis or with 50 % concession or exemption from water charges for a period of 5 years.
(iv) Sales Tax In all union territories, industries are exempted from sales tax, while some states extend exemption for 5 years period.
(v) Octroi Most states have abolished octroi.
(vi) Raw Materials Units located in backward areas get preferential treatment in the matter of allotment of scarce raw materials like cement, iron and steel, etc.
(vii) Finance Subsidy of 10-15 % is given for building capital assets. Loans are also offered at concessional rates.
(viii) Marketing Assistance Government tries to solve their marketing problem by improving information and in order to provide guarantee for sale of goods.
(ix) Tax Holiday Exemption from paying taxes for 5 or 10 years is given to industries established in backward, hilly and tribal areas.

Profit is the lifeblood of business, without which no business can survive in a competitive market. In fact profit making is the primary objective for which a business unit is brought into existence. Profits must be earned to ensure the survival of business, its growth and expansion over time. No business can earn profits without satisfying customers and other sections of society similarly, business cannot render service without earning profits. Thus, the real objective of business is to earn profit by serving the interests of consumers, employees, investors, Government and the society as a whole.

International trade in services like travel and tourism, transportation, communication, banking, warehousing, distribution and advertising is a part of international business. International business also includes foreign direct investments, contract manufacturing, and setting up wholly owned subsidiaries etc.

Commerce is the control of business among economic agents. Usually, it refers to the exchange of commodities, services or items of value, among companies or entities.

The significance of Commerce are:

• Commerce acts as a catalyst between the manufacturers and customers.
• It establishes employment opportunities.
• It encourages trade in the global level.
• Assists in the growth of developing the industries.
• Helps during exigencies like the natural calamities – earthquake, flood, drought etc.

The different types of bank accounts are – Savings Account, Current Account, Recurring Deposit Account, Fixed Deposit Account, DEMAT Account, NRI Account.

A stock exchange is an important factor in the capital market. It is a secure place where trading is done in a systematic way. Here, the securities are bought and sold as per well-structured rules and regulations. Securities mentioned here includes debenture and share issued by a public company that is correctly listed at the stock exchange, debenture and bonds issued by the government bodies, municipal and public bodies.

Economics is a science that studies human behavior which aims at allocation of scarce resources in such a way that consumer can maximise their satisfaction, producers can maximise their profits and society can maximise its social welfare. It is about making choice in the presence of scarcity.

Advantages of Government Company:

Disadvantages of Government Company:

On the basis ownership industries are classified into private sector, public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector.

(i)Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.

(ii)The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.

(iii)Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry.

(iv)Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success stories of a co-operative venture.

National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) was set up in the year 1955 as the central government undertaking. ... NSIC provides equipment, plant, and machinery on a hire-purchase basis. Under its scheme, entrepreneurs can procure indigenous as well as imported machinery. NSIC (National Small Industries Corporation) is an ISO certified Indian Government Enterprise under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. National Small Industries Corporation is working to aid, foster and promote the growth of MSMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises) all across the country.

Following mail services are provided by the post and telegraph department:
(a)UPS (Under Postal Service) : Under it the post office provides a certificate of posting on the payment of prescribed fee.
(b)Registered Post: This facility ensures the sender of the mail that in case the mail is not delivered to the adressee, it comes back to the sender.
©Parcel Post : Under this facility, the parcels of specified size and weight can be sent across the country as well as outside the country on the payment of parcel charges.
(d)Speed Post : Under it, the post & telegraph department guarantees that all the internet mail reveived up to 5 p.m. at the specified post offices will be delivered within 24 hours and if it fails to do so, the extra fee changed will be refunded.

The functions of retailers are as follows :

1. Financing : Retailers provide goods to the consumers on credit basis. This increases the level of consumption and hence the standard of living.
2. Supplying market information : Since the retailer is in direct contact with the consumers, he provides information regarding their tastes, preferences and attitudes, etc. to the wholesaler. This information helps them in taking important marketing decisions.
3. Convenience in buying : Retailers provide goods to the consumers according to their requirements. Usually, they are situated near the residential areas and remain open for long hours.
4. Risk bearing : A retailer has to bear the risk if the change in style and fashion occurs when the goods are stored in large quantities in the warehouses.

Services provided by wholesalers are as follows:

1. Buying and assembling : The wholesaler buys the product from the manufacturer and collects the same at one place and supplies goods to the retailers according to their requirement.
2. Storage function : The wholesaler also performs the storage function. The goods are purchased by the wholesalers from the manufacturers and stored at warehouses in order to meet the demand of retailers. The wholesalers act as bridge between the production and consumption of goods.
3. Breaking the bulk : The wholesaler purchases goods from manufacturers in bulk and avails discounts. He sells goods in small quantities to the retailers which saves the retailers from maintaining large stocks.
4. Advertisement : A wholesaler undertakes advertising and sales promotion of the product which automatically result in the increase in sales.
5. Market information : Wholesalers inform the retailers about the introduction of new products in the market. He also gets feedback from the retailers about the needs and preferences of customers. He passes the information to the producer to make necessary changes in the products.
6. Risk bearing : The wholesalers have to maintain optimum levels of stock in their godowns to meet the demands of the retailer. The retailer’s risk of maintaining godowns, price fluctuations, etc., are
   reduced to a great level.

Internal Trade When buying and selling of goods and services takes place within the geographical limits of a country. It is known as internal trade.

Types of Internal Trade Internal trade can be classified into two categories.

(i) Wholesale Trade It refers to the trade in which goods are sold in large quantities. The person who carries on wholesale trade is known as wholesaler.

A wholesaler provides many valuable services to the manufacturer as well as the retailer.

(a) Services to Manufacturer

• Facilitating large scale production
• Bearing risk
• Financial assistance
• Expert advice
• Help in marketing function
• Facilitate production continuity
• Storage

(b) Services to Retailer

• Availability of goods
• Marketing support
• Grant of credit
• Specialised knowledge
• Risk sharing

(ii) Retail Trade Retail trade refers to sale of goods in small lots to the final consumers. A retailer buys goods from a wholesaler and sells them to the consumer.

(a) Services to Consumers

• Ready or quick supply
• Wide variety
• Guiding consumers
• Demonstration and after sale services
• Home delivery
• Convenient location
• Credit facility

(b) Services to Wholesaler and Manufacturer

• Ready market
• Providing information
• Risk bearing
• Distribution of goods to distant places

The subarctic is an area of the Northern Hemisphere that lies just south of the Arctic Circle. The taiga lies between the tundra to the north and temperate forests to the south. In Russia, the world's largest taiga stretches about 5,800 kilometers (3,600 miles), from the Pacific Ocean to the Ural Mountains.