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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 5 months ago
Photosynthesis in higher plants involves additional processes, but fundamentally it remains the same
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Structure of Human Heart
- The heart is a muscular organ covered by a double membrane called pericardium.
- The pericardial fluid of the pericardium lubricates the heart.
- The heart is divided into four chambers — two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
- The inter-atrial septum separates the two atria and the inter-ventricular septum separates the two ventricles.
- The atrium and the ventricle of each side are separated by the atrioventricular septum.
- Superior and inferior vena cavae open into the right atrium.
- The right ventricle opens into the pulmonary artery.
- Four pulmonary veins open into the left atrium.
- The left ventricle opens into the aorta.
- The opening between the right atrium and right ventricle is guarded by the tricuspid valve.
- The opening between the left atrium and left ventricle is guarded by the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
- The opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and the opening of the left ventricle into the aorta is guarded by the semilunar valves.
Working of Heart
- The right atrium receives blood from the upper and lower body through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, respectively, and from the heart muscle itself through the coronary sinus. The right atrium is the larger of the two atria, having very thin walls. The right atrium opens into the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular valve(tricuspid), which only allows the blood to flow from the atria into the ventricle, but not in the reverse direction.
- The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs to be reoxygenated.
- The left atrium receives blood from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins. It is smaller than the right atrium but has thicker walls. The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle, the left atrioventricular valve(bicuspid), is smaller than the tricuspid. It opens into the left ventricle and again is a one-way valve.
- The left ventricle pumps the blood throughout the body through the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. The walls of the left ventricle are the thickest among all the chambers.
Posted by Leena Salwan 1 year, 5 months ago
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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 5 months ago
According to the International Union of Biochemists (I U B), enzymes are divided into six functional classes and are classified based on the type of reaction in which they are used to catalyze. The six kinds of enzymes are hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases, transferases, ligases and isomerases.
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In C3 plants some O2 does bind to RuBisCO, and hence CO2 fixation is decreased. Here the RuBP instead of being converted to 2 molecules of PGA binds with O2 to form one molecule and phosphoglycolate in a pathway called photorespiration. In the photorespiratory pathway, there is neither synthesis of sugars, nor of ATP. Rather it results in the release of CO2 with the utilization of ATP. In the photorespiratory pathway, there is no synthesis of ATP or NADPH. Therefore, photorespiration is a wasteful process.
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designating those animals, as mammals or fish, that excrete most of their waste nitrogen in the form of urea in the urine.
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As stated above, breathing is the biological process of inhaling and exhaling gases between the cells and the environment. The mechanism of breathing involves various respiratory structures such as the windpipe, lungs and nose. Respiration, on the other hand, is a chemical process that takes place in the cell.
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Keys are pairs of two contrasting characters. Selection of one character leads to rejection of another character while identifying a particular species or genera or family and so on.
For example presence or absence of hair on body can give a clue if an animal belongs to mammalian or not.
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Preeti Dabral 1 year, 7 months ago
The term systematics sometimes is referred synonymously with taxonomy. While, taxonomy is plainly referred to identification, classification and naming of organisms; systematics is the evolutionary history of organisms through time.
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Prince Kundu 1 year, 4 months ago
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