1. Racemose: In racemose types of inflorescence the main axis grows continuously and flowers are present laterally on the floral axis. Flowers are present in an acropetal manner
2. Cymose: In the cymose type of inflorescence the main axis does not grow continuously. A flower is present terminally on the main axis. The flowers are borne in a basipetal order. The main axis has limited growth

A flower arises in the axil of a leaf like structure called bract. Flowers with bracts are called bracteate and those without bracts are called ebracteate. The terminal part of the axis of the flower is the receptacle or thalamus. The receptacle contains sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.

A person lying in comma neither responds to environmental stimuli nor has self-consciousness. He/she is supported by machines to carry out the vital life processes and he/she is brain-dead. Some of these patients never come back to normal life. Such persons can neither be considered as living nor non-living.

Chemotaxonomy is the identification and classification of organisms based on similarities and differences in biochemical composition. Cytotaxonomy can also be defined as the classification of organisms based on differences at the biochemical level especially in the amino acid sequences of common protein.

Protection, anchorage and absorption for alga

Lichen is a symbiotic association between blue-green algae and fungus. In this, blue-green algae provide food and nutrition obtained by photosynthesis. In turn, fungus provides protection, anchorage and absorption of water and nutrition from soil for algae.

Multicellular organisms are made up of millions and trillions of cells. All these cells perform specific functions. All the cells specialised for performing similar functions are grouped together as tissues in the body. Hence, a particular function is carried out by a group of cells at a definite place in the body. Similarly, different functions are carried out by different groups of cells in an organism and this is known as division of labour in multicellular organisms.

Mycelium is the vegetative component of a fungus, which consists of white or cream-coloured fungal threads or filaments recognized as hyphae. A single mycelium’s size varies from being very tiny to be as common as a forest.

Gemmules are formed as a result of the combining of glycoprotein or lipoprotein cells, which are present in the archaeocytes- totipotent cells as a part of the food material, into a cell mass. This cell mass is then surrounded by an amoebocyte, which is a mobile cell.

Biological classification is the scientific procedure of arranging organisms into groups and subgroups on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities and placing the group in a hierarchy of categories.
 

Classification

• Artificial system of classification
• Natural system of classification
• Phylogenetic system of classification

Thallus refers to the plant body which is not properly differentiated or distinguished into root, stem and leaves. Plants having thallus type of body are called thallophytes. This includes Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. 

Standing up after sitting or lying down, or standing for a long time, may cause low blood pressure. This condition, called orthostatic hypotension, can cause fainting. It happens because not enough blood is pumped to the brain. It may be worse right after you eat.

Chlorophyll a is bluish green, chlorophyll b is yellow green.

Chlorophyll c is found in brown algae, diatoms and dinoflagellates.

Chlorophyll d is found in red algae.

Chlorophyll e is present in Xanthophyceae along with chlorophyll a.

Chlorophyll is a pigment which traps solar energy into chemical energy.

Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Following are the important characteristics of archaebacteria:

• Archaebacteria are obligate or facultative anaerobes, i.e., they flourish in the absence of oxygen and that is why only they can undergo methanogenesis.

• The cell membranes of the Archaebacteria are composed of lipids.

• The rigid cell wall provides shape and support to the Archaebacteria. It also protects the cell from bursting under hypotonic conditions.

• The cell wall is composed of Pseudomurein, which prevents archaebacteria from the effects of Lysozyme. Lysozyme is an enzyme released by the immune system of the host, which dissolves the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria.

• These do not possess membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes or chloroplast. Its thick cytoplasm contains all the compounds required for nutrition and metabolism.

The taxonomic aids are the aids which help in identification, classification and naming of a newly discovered organisms (plant or animal).
It could be in the form of preserved document like herbaria or specimen kept at museums or scientific institutions. Other aids can be in the form of written document like monograph, taxonomic keys, couplets, etc. A new organism found can be studied while comparing it with living plants and animals living in protected areas like Botanical gardens, Zoological parks, etc.
Boranical gardens helps in conservation of plants by
(i) Growing important local plant species and keeping record of them.
(ii) Growing and maintaining rare and endangered species.
(iii) Supplying seeds for different aspects of botanical research.
Whereas zoological parks also contribute in conserving biodiversity by
(i) Providing natural environment and open space to animals, i.e., wild life species.
(ii) Keeping them safe from their predators ensuring protection, food and shelter.
(iii) Providing home to different native and exotic wild anials.
(iv) Involving in the rescue of endangered species.
(v) Facilitating breeding of animals and releasing them free.
Thus, both botanical gardens and zoological parks play an important role in conservation of biodiversity.

All living phenomena are due to underlying interactions. Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent cells. Similarly, properties of cellular organelles are not present in the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise as a result of interactions among the molecular components comprising the organelle. These interactions result in emergent properties at a higher level of organization. This phenomenon is true in the hierarchy of organisational complexity at all levels.

(c) Human beings were, since long, not only interested in knowing more about different kinds of organisms and their diversities, but also the relationships among them. This branch of study was referred to as systematics. Systematics takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms.a

Gynoecium- It is the female reproductive part of the flower and is made up of one or more carpels. Each carpel comprises of stigma, style, and ovary.

 Newly discovered plant can be identified with the help of taxonomic keys, herbaria, monographs and preserved plant specimen. The scientist has to study the morphological and anatomical characters of the plants/plant parts, compare the characteristic features with the similar information available in the scientific literature and after that he can decide the exact systematic position of the plant, name it according to the rules of binomial nomenclature and fix it's systemic position.

Human being is the only organism who is aware of himself, i.e. has self-consciousness. We sense our environment through our sense organs (like ear, nose, eye, etc.). When it comes to human beings, it is all the more difficult to define the living state. We observe patients lying in coma in hospitals virtually supported by machines which replace heart and lungs. The patient is otherwise brain- dead. The patient has no self-consciousness. So on this basis the person is considered as dead, but there are thousands of metabolic reactions occurring in the body, hence on the basis of metabolism the person is considered as living. So we can say that the person that lying in coma is neither living nor dead.

Monograph is that means of recording descriptions which contain the information of only one taxon.

In biological taxonomy a monograph is a comprehensive treatment of a taxon. Monographs typically revise all known species within a group, add any newly discovered species, and collect and synthesize available information on the ecological associations, geographic distributions, and morphological variations within the group.