Abscisic acid acts as a general plant growth inhibitor and an inhibitor of plant metabolism. ABA inhibits seed germination. ABA stimulates the closure of stomata in the epidermis and increases the tolerance of plants to various kinds of stresses. Therefore, it is also called the stress hormone. Abscisic acid is called stress hormones as it induces various responses in plants against stress conditions.

It increases the tolerance of plants toward various stresses. It induces the closure of the stomata during water stress. It promotes seed dormancy and ensures seed germination during favourable conditions. It helps seeds withstand desiccation. It also helps in inducing dormancy in plants at the end of the growing season and promotes abscission of leaves, fruits, and flowers.

Carolus Linnaeus, who gave an organism classification, named as 'father of taxonomy'.

Anatomy of Earthworm

Externally, a thin non-cellular cuticle covers the body wall of the earthworm. Underneath this cuticle, a layer of the epidermis, followed by two muscle layers and coelomic epithelium (inner layer) is sheathed. The epithelium consists of a single layer of glandular columnar epithelium.

**** papilla: A skin tag that projects up from the junction between the skin and the inside lining of the ****. **** papillae tend to occur with **** fissures and may be detected on a digital examination of the **** or with a scope. Removal is only necessary if the **** papillae are causing symptoms. **** papillae are acquired structures that arise from the base of the rectal columns of Morgagni at the dentate line. Hypertrophied **** papillae are essentially skin tags that pro- ject up from the dentate line or from the junction between the skin and the epithelial lining of the ****. 

Connective tissue is a major supporting tissue in the body that provides structural framework and support to different tissues. Blood is regarded as a connective tissue because as the blood is circulated throughout the body due to pumping action of heart, it carries different materials and gases from one part of the body to another. Hence, it connects different tissues and organs of the body and thus, called as a connective tissue.

Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous system. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or <a href="https://byjus.com/biology/neurons/">neurons</a> and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons. Brain, Spinal Cord, and nerves are composed of nervous tissue, they are specialized for being stimulated to transmit stimulus from one to another part of the body rapidly.

Structure Of Nervous Tissue

• It is made of nerve cells or neurons, all of which consists of an axon. Axons are long stem-like projections emerging out of the cell, responsible for communicating with other cells called the Target cells, thereby passing impulses
• The main part is the cell body which contains the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell organelles. Extensions of the cell membrane are referred to as processes.
• Dendrite is a highly branched processes, responsible for receiving information from other neurons and synapses (specialized point of contact). Information of other neurons is provided by dendrites to connect with its cell body.
• Information in a neuron is unidirectional as it passes through neurons from dendrites, across the cell body down the axon.

Muscular tissue is a specialized tissue in animals which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction. It is made up of thin and elongated cells called muscle fibers. It controls the movement of an organism.

The cytoplasm in the muscle fibers is called sarcoplasm. It contains a network of membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The membrane surrounding the muscle fibers is called sarcolemma.

Properties of Muscular Tissue

1. Contractibility– It is the ability of muscle cells to shorten forcefully.

2. Extensibility– A muscle has the ability to be stretched.

3. Elasticity– The muscles have the ability to recoil back to its original length after being stretched.

4. Excitability– The muscle tissue responds to a stimulus delivered from a motor neuron or hormone.

Types of Muscular Tissue

The muscular tissue is of three types:

• Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Glandular epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue which covers the glands (both exocrine and endocrine) of our body. Their main function is secretion. Both endocrine and exocrine glands produce their secretions through the glandular epithelium via special cells called goblet cells. 
• Glandular epithelium in the reproductive tract is called endocervical glandular epithelium and helps in sexual functions by secreting lubricating fluid during sexual excitation.
•  The glandular epithelium also lines the intestine where it helps in the absorption of nutrients. Thus it aids in digestion. Thus glandular epithelium is a multifunctional tissue that combines with other tissues to perform vital functions of the body.

1. ICBN:  International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria

2. ICZN: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

G0 (quiescent phase) also known as the inactive stage of the cell cycle, is the stage when the cell remains metabolically active, but do not proliferate unless called on to do so. Such cells are used for replacing the cells lost during injury.

Kinetochore is a structure on chromatids at which the spindle fibres attach during cell division to pull the sister chromatids apart. Their proteins help to hold the sister chromatids together and also play a role in chromosome editing.

Kinetochore is observed in eukaryotes as an assembly on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis.

Crossing over is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line. During the formation of egg and sperm cells, also known as meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over one another. Crossing over occurs between prophase I and metaphase I and is the process where two homologous non-sister chromatids pair up with each other and exchange different segments of genetic material to form two recombinant chromosome sister chromatids.

Mitosis is the process of cell division wherein the chromosomes replicate and gets equally distributed into two daughter cells. The chromosome number in each daughter cell is equal to that in the parent cell, i.e., diploid. Hence, mitosis is known as equational division. Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells. The old name for meiosis was reduction/ division. Meiosis I reduces the ploidy level from 2n to n (reduction) while Meiosis II divides the remaining set of chromosomes in a mitosis-like process (division).

Karyokinesis is defined as the division of the nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle. ... The daughter chromosome is separated into two daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis, on the other hand, is defined as the division of the cytoplasm during the M phase of the cell cycle. Karyokinesis is followed by the cytokinesis in the mitotic division. In plant cells, the cytoplasm of the parent cell is divided by the formation of a cell plate in the middle of the parent cell. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed by the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells.

The length of the muscle cell is 1-40 micrometers.
Nerve cells possess a cell body and one to many thin, fiber-like axons.
Some nerve cells possess axons as long as 1 meter.

Red blood cells are not considered to be prokaryotic, because they are part of an eukaryotic organism. Red blood cells begin life with the full complement of organelles, including a nucleus and mitochondria, but RBCs in humans shed their organelles during maturation. In actuality, though, only mammalian RBCs lack nuclei; RBCs in other animals still hold on to their traditional eukaryotic characteristics.

Red blood cells are not considered to be prokaryotic, because they are part of an eukaryotic organism. Red blood cells begin life with the full complement of organelles, including a nucleus and mitochondria, but RBCs in humans shed their organelles during maturation. In actuality, though, only mammalian RBCs lack nuclei; RBCs in other animals still hold on to their traditional eukaryotic characteristics.

Connective tissues have cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix. They connect different body systems. Blood is considered as a type of connective tissue because of two reasons.

(i) Like the other connective tissues, blood is mesodermal in origin.

(ii) It connects the body systems, transports oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body, and removes the waste products. Blood has an extra-cellular matrix called plasma, with red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets floating in it.

The cells of nervous tissue are highly specialized and the cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.

• Nervous tissue stimulates and transmits the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body.
• The brain, spinal cord and nerves are composed of the nervous tissue.
• A neuron consists of a cell body which comprises of nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.
• The neuron has a single long part, called the axon, which transmit the nerve impulse to body parts.
• The neuron has short, branched parts called dendrites.
• Many nerve fibers combine together by connective tissue and form a nerve.
• Nerve impulse enables animals to move rapidly in response to stimuli.

ANSWER

Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract. 

There are mainly three types of muscle tissue:-

1)Skeletal(Striated) Muscle:
Structure: Skeletal muscle is called "striated" because of its appearance consisting of light and dark bands visible using a light microscope. A single skeletal muscle cell is long and approximately cylindrical in shape, with many nuclei located at the edges (periphery) of the cell.

Function: 

• Movement of the skeleton under conscious control, including movement of limbs, fingers, toes, neck, etc.
• Movement of tissues of facial expression under conscious control, e.g. ability to smile and to frown.

2)Smooth(Non-Striated) Muscle:

   Structure: Unlike Skeletal and Cardiac muscle tissue, Smooth muscle is not striated. Smooth muscle fibres are small and tapered - with the ends reducing in size, in contrast to the cylindrical shape of a skeletal muscle. Each smooth muscle fibre has a single centrally located nucleus.

   Function: Contractions of smooth muscle constrict (i.e. narrow = reduce the diameter of) the vessels they surround. This is particularly important in the digestive system in which the action of smooth muscle helps to move food along the gastrointestinal tract as well as breaking the food down further. Smooth muscle also contributes to moving fluids through the body and to the elimination of indigestible matter from the gastrointestinal system.

3)Cardiac(Semi-Striated) Muscle:

   Structure: Cardiac muscle fibers are striated, branched (sometimes described as Y-shaped), and have a single central nucleus. These fibers are attached at their ends to adjoining fibers by thick plasma membranes called intercalated discs.

   Function: Pumping of blood through the heart: Alternate contraction and        relaxation of cardiac muscle pumps

De-oxygenated blood through the Right Atrium and Right Ventricle to the lungs, and oxygenated blood through the Left Atrium and Left Ventricle to the aorta, then the rest of the body.   

Glandular epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue which covers the glands (both exocrine and endocrine) of our body. Their main function is secretion. Both endocrine and exocrine glands produce their secretions through the glandular epithelium via special cells called goblet cells. Glandular epithelium in the reproductive tract is called endocervical glandular epithelium and helps in sexual functions by secreting lubricating fluid during sexual excitation. The glandular epithelium also lines the intestine where it helps in the absorption of nutrients. Thus it aids in digestion. Thus glandular epithelium is a multifunctional tissue that combines with other tissues to perform vital functions of the body.