Classification of Fungi

KINGDOM PROTISTA

• All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista.
• Chrysophytes, Dianoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans are under Protista.
• The protistan cell body contains a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation.
• Chryosphytes have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible.

In the field of medicines, Biotechnology is widely used in the development of several innovative techniques for diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases. It helps in providing effective treatments and prevention measures for different disease by its inventions of novel drugs and recombinant vaccines.

The Therapeutic proteins have a greater effect against a variety of non-communicable diseases, which was responsible for over 50-60% of deaths in developing countries.

With the help of modern biotechnology, many diagnostic tools have been introduced for the detection of diseases in a quick and accurate manner.

After completing graduation in Home science one can go for courses like Masters in Home science, Masters course in Fashion Designing / Textile Designing, Dietetics, Counselling, Teaching, Social Work, Development Studies, Entrepreneurship, Mass Communication, Catering Technology etc.

Biology creates an awareness of vast array of forms of life which normally goes unseen. Biology offers a large scope and provides a large field for study.

(1) Helps us to understand ourselves better : It unfolds different queries of life alongwith its cultural, social, philosophical and economical aspects. So it helps in understanding the life better.

(2) Biology and inter-relationship of living beings : Study of biology helps us in understanding the wonderful phenomenon and laws of nature which finally tell us to predict the behaviour of different living beings under changed conditions.

(3) Biology and resources : Biology helps us to know how to tap and conserve the resources available to us e.g. fishes, birds, forests etc.

(4) Biology and literature : Knowledge of Natural Biology has greatly enriched the literature with their references in stories and poems etc. Poets and other authors have been inspired by the beautiful and interesting plants and animals and frequently figure them in stories, poems and dramas.

(5) Study of nature is a rewarding experience : Many plants like Narcissus, Dahlia, Gloriosa, Roses, Marigold, Aster, etc. are used for ornamental purposes. The variety available in animals is widely enjoyed in zoological parks. Students enjoy excursions to remote places watching never seen before plants and animals.

(6) Solving problems : Biology makes us to understand the present day problems such as population growth, pollution, conservation of wildlife and survival of man etc. The future directions of biotechnology, conservation of biodiversity, maintenance of environment  and human welfare remain in the hands of biologists.

(7) Biology-Medicinal aspect : Several plants like Atropa belladona, Cinchona are sources of atropine, quinine etc. Many members of fungi such as Penicillium and Streptomyces give rise to antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin. Plants are the major source of vitamins. Drugs are first tested on animals before being used for treating man. Animals provide scientific hints for the production and use of medicines. Animals are widely used for scientific research and results thus obtained are finally applied to man. The study of animal play an important role in health, nutrition and control of pests. Many diseases like malaria are caused and transmitted by animals.

(8) Solving approach of biology : Knowledge for eradication of diseases like malaria, small pox, etc. have been achieved by scientists basically due to desire and determination to solve the problem.

(9) Ecosystem and living organisms : Biology helps us in understanding the various ecosystems. The living community and non-living environment interact with each other and exchange of material in them takes place.

(10) Biotechnology : Biotechnologists have produced many genetically modified (GM) crops. Plenty of studies are being made by geneticists, evolutionists and cytologists to fudge the efficacy of biotechnology.

the cytosol of a nerve cell as distinguished from the neurofibrils.

Potato is a stem and sweet potato is a root because the stem of the potato has undergone modifications in order to store food whereas in a sweet potato the root has undergone modifications in order to store the food.

In certain plants, the roots, stem, and leaves undergo modifications to store food in order to use under unfavourable conditions.

The modified stems are usually called as ‘tubers’ and the modified roots are usually called as tuberous roots or storage roots.

Heterotroph is an organism that is unable to synthesize its own food, and therefore, has to rely on other sources, specifically plant and animal matter

The word Heterotrophic is the combination of two words i.e. Hetero + Trophos. Hetero means ‘others’ and ‘trophos’ means nourishment. If organisms depend on others for their food, such a mode of nutrition is called Hetetrophic Nutrition.

Animals cannot make their food themselves. They depend for food upon plants. Therefore, nutrition in animals is called Hetetrophic Nutrition. Animals are known as Heterotrophs.

Neurons are the cells that make up the brain and the nervous system. They are the fundamental units that send and receive signals which allow us to move our muscles, feel the external world, think, form memories and much more.

Sensory neurons

Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment - for example, when you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, the sensory neurons will be the ones firing and sending off signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received.

The inputs that activate sensory neurons can be physical or chemical, corresponding to all five of our senses. Thus, a physical input can be things like sound, touch, heat, or light. A chemical input comes from taste or smell, which neurons then send to the brain.

Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar, which means they only have one <a href="https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/axons-cable-transmission-neurons">axon</a> which is split into two branches.

Motor neurons

Motor neurons of the spinal cord are part of the <a href="https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/central-nervous-system-brain-and-spinal-cord">central nervous system</a> (CNS) and connect to muscles, glands and organs throughout the body. These neurons transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles (such as those in your stomach), and so directly control all of our muscle movements. There are in fact two types of motor neurons: those that travel from spinal cord to muscle are called lower motor neurons, whereas those that travel between the brain and spinal cord are called upper motor neurons.

Motor neurons have the most common type of ‘body plan’ for a nerve cell - they are multipolar, each with one axon and several dendrites.

Interneurons

As the name suggests, interneurons are the ones in between - they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. As well as transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons,  interneurons can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity. They are multipolar, just like motor neurons.

Morphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of form, size, colour, structure and relative position of various parts of organisms.

Importance of morphology-

1. Knowledge of morphology is essential for recognition or identification of plants.
2. It gives information about the range of variations found in species.
3. Deficiency and toxicity symptoms are morphological changes that occur in response to shortage or excess of minerals.

Living organisms are classified because for the following reasons:-
1) It is not possible to study about each existing living organism in detail.
2) Classification helps us to understand the evolution of all life forms.
3) Classification organisms into groups make it easier to know about different life forms which are existing in this earth.

The term vermiculture mainly refers to the scientific process of cultivating worm or artificial rearing of worms to decompose organic food wastes into a nutrient-rich material. The output of vermiculture is called vermicompost and is formed by the process in which earthworms consume the farmyard manure and roughages in addition to the wastes from farms and thereby producing it. The produced vermicompost is rich in terms of nutrients and other plant growth-promoting substances, which is capable of supplying necessary mineral nutrients to help and sustain plants growth.