Translocation is the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant. Plants produce carbohydrates (sugars) in their leaves by photosynthesis, but nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant also require carbohydrates and other organic and nonorganic materials. So translocation is necessary.For this reason, nutrients are translocated from sources (regions of excess carbohydrates, primarily mature leaves) to sinks (regions where the carbohydrate is needed).

Floridian starch is a granular carbohydrate reserve present in red algae. It serves as energy storage material in red algae. Floridian starch has more resemblance with glycogen than starch. The true starch is stored inside plastids of the cell whereas the Floridian starch is not stored inside plastids.

Temperature :. Increasing the temperature increases the diffusion rate by adding energy to each particle. This is because particles with more energy bounce against each other more frequently and spread evenly throughout the material volume. Similarly, lowering the temperature will lower the diffusion rate by lowering the energy of each particle.

Concentration Difference: The rate of diffusion depends on the difference between concentrations across the host material, with higher concentration differences resulting in higher diffusion rates.

For example, diffusion through a thin wall or membrane will occur quickly if there is a high concentration of the gas on one side and none of the gas on the other side of the wall. If there is already an almost equal amount of gas on both sides, diffusion will be much slower.

Diffusion Distance: The rate of diffusion is inversely related to the distance through which the material is diffusing. That is, smaller distances result in faster diffusion rates and larger distances result in slower diffusion rates. This makes sense, since a gas diffuses through a thin wall much faster than it would diffuse through a thick wall.

Diffusing and Host Materials: Diffusion rate also depends on both the material that is diffusing and the material it is diffusing through. At a certain temperature, all particles have the same average energy. This means that lighter atoms, such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen travel faster and are more mobile than larger atoms such as copper or iron. Materials made of these lighter atoms diffuse faster than heavier materials.

Bulliform cell. Bulliform cells are large, bubble-shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots.These cells are present on the adaxial or the upper surface of the leaf. They are generally present near the mid vein. These cells are large, empty and colourless.

The important functions of bulliform cells are:

1. It is mainly concerned with storage of water.
2. During the water stress condition in leaf minimize by curling the leaf inwards.
3. It is concerned with the rolling and unrolling of the leaves.
4. It is also concerned with the hygroscopic opening and closing movements of mature leaves.
5. It helps in transpiration process.

Deglutition is the scientific term for the word swallowing. It came from the Latin word deglutire, which means "to swallow down."Deglutition is also known as 'Swallowing', it is the process by which the food taken passing through the oral cavity into the Gastrointestinal tract.