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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
Mesoderm is a primary gum layer of the embryo lying between the other two gum layers namely ectoderm and endoderm. From it arises all connective tissues. From this definition The part that is of mesodermal origin is teeth. The mesoderm gives rise to the skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, blood vessels, bone, cartilage, joints, connective tissue, endocrine glands, kidney cortex, heart muscle, urogenital organ, uterus, fallopian tube, testicles and blood cells from the spinal cord and lymphatic tissue
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Duodenum receives the secretions of two glands, liver and pancreas through a common duct. Liver secretes bile which is alkaline and contains salts to emulsify the fats (or lipids). The bile secreted by the liver is stored in the gall bladder. Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains trypsin, lipase and pancreatic amylase. Trypsin digests the proteins, lipase emulsifies the fats and pancreatic amylase breaks down the starch. Thus, small intestine is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The walls of ileum secrete succus entericus which completes the digestion process.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 9 months ago
The thyroid gland is a ductless endocrine gland situated in the anterior/front portion of the neck. It roughly resembles the shape of a butterfly. It is also one of the largest endocrine glands, weighing an average of 25 – 30 g. This gland has two lobes on either side of the trachea, with each lobe measuring 4 – 6 cm in length and 1.3 – 1.8 cm in width.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 9 months ago
| Antigen | Antibody |
| Generally proteins but can be lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. | Antibodies are proteins. |
| Triggers the formation of antibodies. | Variable sites has the antigen binding domain. |
| There are three basic kinds of antigens. (Exogenous, Endogenous and Autoantigens) | There are five basic kinds of antibodies. (Immunoglobulins M, G, E, D and A) |
| The region of the antigen that interacts with the antibodies is called epitopes. | The variable region of the antibody that specially binds to an epitope is called paratope. |
| Cause disease or allergic reactions. | Protects the body by immobilization or lysis of antigenic material. |
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Insulin is a peptide hormone, which plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Insulin acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. As a result, there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Insulin also stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) in the target cells.
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Fluid mosaic model:
- Fluid mosaic model was proposed by Singer and Nicholson.
- According to this model, there is a central bilipid
layer of phospholipids with their polar head group towards the outside and the non-polar tails pointing inwards. , - Some proteins which are embedded in the lipid layer are called integral or intrinsic proteins and they cannot be separated from the membrane.
- There are large globular integral proteins which project beyond the lipid layer on both the sides are believed to have channels through which water- soluble materials can pass across.
- Superficially attached proteins are called extrinsic or peripheral proteins and can be easily removed.
- Some membrane lipids and integral proteins remains bound to oligosaccharides which project into the extracellular fluid and influence the manner in which cells interact with one another.
- There are certain specific proteins called membrane receptors, which mediate the flow of materials and information into the cell.
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Sagar Pandya 6 years, 9 months ago
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