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Bookkeeping means recording all business transactions (e.g., sales, purchases, payments, etc.) in the books of prime entry. It is similar to journaling when you record everything that happened throughout the day, but in a predefined format. While these records are essential for producing financial statements, this part of work is mostly routine and is first to be automated in the accounting department.
Accounting is a broader term, it includes bookkeeping and reporting. Reporting is a more complex process involving analysing, interpreting and summarising financial data and presenting the results in the form of a report. The outcome is either financial statements for financial reporting or management reports for management reporting.
Accountancy usually relates to a professional practice, i.e. a consultancy providing accounting services, or the profession itself.
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Decreases a liability account | Increases a liability account |
Decreases an equity account | Increases an equity account |
Decreases revenue | Increases revenue |
Always recorded on the left | Always recorded on the right |
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In the double-entry system, transactions are recorded in terms of debits and credits. Since a debit in one account offsets a credit in another, the sum of all debits must equal the sum of all credits.
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MACHINERY ACCOUNT
Dr. | Cr. | ||||
Date | Particulars | Amount ₹ |
Date | Particulars | Amount ₹ |
2014 April 1 | To Bank A/c | 2,50,000 | |||
April 1 | To Bank A/c (Installation Exp.) | 50,000 | 2015 Mar. 31 | By Balance c/d | 3,00,000 |
3,00,000 | 3,00,000 | ||||
2015 April 1 | To Balance b/d | 3,00,000 | 2016 Mar. 31 | By Balance c/d | 3,00,000 |
3,00,000 | 3,00,000 | ||||
2016 April 1 | To Balance b/d | 3,00,000 | 2016 July 1 | By Machinery Disposal A/c | 1,00,000 |
2016 July 1 | To Bank A/c | 2,00,000 | 2017 Mar. 31 | By Balance c/d | 4,00,000 |
5,00,000 | 5,00,000 |
PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT
Dr. | Cr. | ||||
Date | Particulars | Amount ₹ |
Date | Particulars | Amount ₹ |
2015 Mar 31 | To Balance c/d | 45,000 | 2015 Mar. 31 | By Depreciation A/c | 45,000 |
45,000 | 45,000 | ||||
2016 Mar. 31 | To Bank c/d | 90,000 | 2015 April 1 | By Balance b/d | 45,000 |
2016 Mar. 31 | By Depreciation A/c | 45,000 | |||
90,000 | 90,000 | ||||
2016 July 1 | To Machinery Disposal A/c | 33,750 | 2016 April 1 | By Balance b/d | 90,000 |
2017 Mar. 31 | To Balance c/d | 1,12,500 | July 1 | By Depreciation A/c | 3,750 |
Mar. 31 | By Depreciation A/c | 52,500 | |||
1,46,250 | 1,46,250 |
MACHINERY DISPOSAL ACCOUNT
Dr. | Cr. | ||||
Date | Particulars | Amount ₹ |
Date | Particulars | Amount ₹ |
2016 July 1 | To Machinery A/c | 1,00,000 | 2016 July 1 | By Provision for Depreciation A/c | 33,750 |
July 1 | By Bank A/c | 15,000 | |||
July 1 | By Statement of Profit & Loss (Loss on sale) | 51,250 | |||
1,00,000 | 1,00,000 |
Working Notes:
(1) | Calculation of loss on sale of machinery: | ₹ |
Original Cost of {tex}\frac{1}{3}{/tex}rd machinery as on 1st April, 2014 | 1,00,000 | |
Less : Depreciation @ 15% p.a. for 2 years 3 months on original cost method | 33,750 | |
Book Value as on 1st July, 2016 | 66.250 | |
Less: Sale proceeds | 15.000 | |
Loss on sale | 51.250 | |
(2) | Depreciation on unsold machinery for the year 2016-17 : | |
On old machinery of ₹2,00,000 for 1 year | 30.000 | |
On new machinery of ₹2,00,000 for 9 months | 22.500 | |
52.500 |
Depreciation is charged @ 10% each year on origial value of asset each year i.e., same amount of depreciation charged each year.If some expenses are incur while purchasing asset the it is capitalised in value of asset.
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