Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.
Rowlatt Act 1919 authorised the Government:

• To arrest and imprison any person without trial in a court of law.
• To demand security from any person, impose restriction on residence, curb freedom of activities, to search house and arrest any person, at any place.

• Community government is elected by people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live.
• This government has the power relating to culture, education and language issues.
• This kind of government helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.

Jet streams are like rivers of wind high above in the atmosphere. These slim strips of strong winds have a huge influence on climate, as they can push air masses around and affect weather patterns. A jet stream is essentially an atmospheric highway located at the level where jets cruise. Winds in this high-speed river of air often reach 250 mph.

Tea and coffee are two important beverage crops grown in India. Plantation agriculture is followed for their cultivation.

Decentralisation means diffusion of authority. The dispersal  of authority of decision-making to the lower level management is termed  as decentralisation.
Advantages of Decentralisation:
1.  Distribution of burden of top executive—Decentralisation enables to its  executive to share his burden with others at lower levels because here  authority is delegated. The top executive is relieved of some burden and  concentrates his activities to think for the future of the  organisation.
2. Increased motivation and morale — The morality  of the employees are increased because of delegation of authority.  Decentralisation helps to increase employees morale because it involves  delegation. The employees are motivated to work.
3. Greater  efficiency and output—Decentralisation gives emphasis on care, caution  and enthusiastic approach to the work which in turn results in increased  efficiency and output. This is possible because it involves delegation  of authority and responsibility.
DRAWBACKS :
1. While elections sre held regularly and enthusiastically , gram sabhas are not held regularly.
2. Most state government have not transferred significant power to local government.
3. They have also not given adequate resources.

(1) Two movements that have been started to oppose multipurpose projects are :
(i) Narmada Bachao Andolan was started against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being
built across the Narmada river in Gujarat.
(ii) Tehri Dam Andolan – Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to the large-scale displacement of local communities.
(2) The landowners and large farmers, industrialists and a few urban centers are benefitted from such projects.

They can be supported by the following ways
1) They can be provided cheap agricultural loans. 
2) More subsidies can be provided to the farmers. 
3) More agricultural education institutes can be opened   .

Human Development Report is published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It includes indicators like life expectancy, infant mortality rate, literacy rate and gross enrolment rate along with PCI to rank countries all over the globe. This is a better comparison of countries than the World Development Report as it includes indicators that show the quality of life of people in the country before classifying it as developed or underdeveloped.

Multipurpose projects launched after independence with their integrated water resources management approach, were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress. lawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the temples of modern India’ as it would integrate the development of agriculture and village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

(i) ln 17th and 18th centuries merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside supplying money to peasants and artisans persuading them to produce for an international market.
(ii) With the expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods increased.
(iii) Since production in towns and cities was controlled by powerful guilds, the merchants , began employing peasant and artisans from villages. These artisans were not controlled by guilds.

a. Industrial revolution brought about a change in the British colonial policies.
b. Colonies served as ready markets for these Industrial societies, who started flooding their machine made goods in the colonies, which largely effected local industries, handicrafts, weavers of the colonies as they had to face unequal competition.
c. Increased migration of people from the rural areas to the cities in search of better job opportunities and employment putting pressure in the cities.
d. It brought about seasonal unemployment, many were made to work only in  a particular season.
e This impacted them and many were forced to go back to rural areas.
f. Some were compelled to do odd jobs with meagre salaries.

According to the World Bank, income is one of the most important attributes. Countries with average income of USD 12616  per annum and above in 2012 are called rich countries.

Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Sutlej River in Bilaspur , Himachal Pradesh in northern India. The dam forms the Gobind Sagar reservoir. The dam, located at a gorge near the (now submerged) upstream Bhakra village in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh of height 226 m.