The industrialisation mainly needs two things:
1. A constant supply of raw material.
2. The consumption of the finished goods at a fast speed.
So, to meet both the needs, the Industrial countries started the search of new countries where industrialisation had not yet reached. As a result of Britain, France, Germany, Japan etc. set-up their colonies in Asia, Africa and South America.
These colonies served them both the purposes i.e. being suppliers of cheap raw materials and easy markets for their finished goods. Hence, it is correct that industrialisation gave birth to imperialism.

1) It reduced the cost of books

2) The time and labour required to produce each book came down

3) Multiple copies would be produced with greater ease

4) Earlier, reading was restricted to elites but only now books could reach to a wider sections of people

5) The readership was growing as books flooded the market

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• Globalisation is the rapid integration of the global economy through which countries interlink in a variety of ways.
• Globalisation has enabled improvement in trade and communication with different countries.
• The silk route is one such example from ’ Earlier times. Over the last 20-30 years there has been a tremendous increase in globalisation with the increase in the number of MNCs.
• MNCs are Multinational Corporations or companies which have set-up production in more than one country.
• MNCs set-up production worldwide where cheap labour is available, where markets are near and where government policies look after their interests. Since the MNCs are producing as well as selling in many countries, they are interlinking the economies of these countries and thu speeding up globalisation.

• It was a movement started by the Ali brothers, Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali.
• It was started to show their allegiance to the spiritual head of the Ottoman Empire, Khalifa.
• To save Khalifa, who was deposed by the British after the World War I, a Khilafat Committee was formed in India.

Positive Impact of Khilafat movement:

1. It units the Hindus and Muslims and realise them what they were and what they will, if they follow the British rule.
2. It makes the unity strongs.

Negative Impact of Khilafat movement:

1. IT makes them to burn all the things.

Differing Strands Within The Movement
(i) The Movement in the Towns :  Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges. Lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most of the provinces.  Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed. Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British one's.
 (ii) Rebellion in the Countryside :   (1) In Awadh-Peasants were led by Ram Chandra - a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlord’s farms without any payment.
 (2) The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolution of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
  (3) In many places Panchayats organised farmers, washermen and asked them not to give services to the landlords.
  (4) In 1921 Gandhiji distributed land among the poor peasants.
 (5) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920 s. The Colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle or to collect Fuel Wood. This enraged the hill people. They felt that their traditional rights were denied. When government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted. They attacked police and killed British Officials. Their leader Alluri Sitaram Raju was captured exiled in 1924.
 (iii) Swaraj in the Plantations :   Workers too had their own understanding of Gandhiji and the notion of Swaraj. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heared of the Non Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and every one would be given land in their own villages. They however never reached their destination. Stranded in the way by a railway and steamer strike they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

The Arabic term Ulama, according to the Encyclopedia of Islam (2000), in its original meaning "denotes scholars of almost all disciplines".More specifically, in the context of Sunni Islam, ulama are regarded as "the guardians, transmitters and interpreters of religious knowledge, of Islamic doctrine and law.

A fatwa in the Islamic faith is a nonbinding but authoritative legal opinion or learned interpretation that the Sheikhul Islam, a qualified jurist or mufti, can give on issues pertaining to the Islamic law. The person who issues a fatwa is called, in that respect, a mufti, i.e. an issuer of fatwa, from the verb afta = "he gave a formal legal opinion on". This is not necessarily a formal position since most Muslims argue that anyone trained in Islamic law may give an opinion (fatwa) on its teachings. If a fatwa does not break new ground, then it is simply called a ruling.>

Women became important as readers as well as writers. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as were manuals teaching proper behavior and housekeeping. Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot became important women writers in defining a new type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
Shilling series are the books which were sold by the pedlars at a very low cost. It was mostly bought by the working class men,women and children.

(i) Women education : Writers started writing about the lives and feelings of women, and this increased the number of women readers. Women got interested in education, and many women schools and colleges were set up. Many journals started emphasising the importance of women education.
(ii) Women writers : In East Bengal, in the early nineteenth century, Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl wrote her autobiography, Amar Jiban (means ‘my life’) which was published in 1876.
From the 1860s, many Bengali women writers like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women, about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour, and treated unjustly by the menfolk, they served. In the 1880s, in the present-day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of the upper-caste Hindu women, especially the widows. The poor status of women was also expressed by the Tamil writers.
(iii) Hindu writing and women : While Urdu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi print culture had developed earlier, Hindu printing began seriously only from the 1870s. Soon, a large section of it was devoted to the education of women.
(iv) New journals : In the early 20th century, the journals written by women, became very popular in which women’s education, widowhood, widow remarriage, etc., were discussed. Some of them offered fashion lessons for women.
(v) Teachings for women : Ram Chaddha published Istri Dharam Vi char to teach women how to be obedient wives. The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message. Many of these were in the form of dialogues about the qualities of a good woman.

Satyagraha according to Gandhi was a unique weapon to fight injustice. It was a novel method of mass agitation. It stressed on the principle of truth, non-violence, tolerance and peaceful protests. Gandhi had already organised a successful satyagraha movement in South Africa. He also organised it successfully at Champaran in Bihar, Kheda in Gujarat and Ahmedabad in Gujarat.

• The painting of Bharat Mata drawn by Abanindranath Tagore became very famous, in this painting, Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic figure.
• She was calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
• She symbolised power and represented motherland. The painting was shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.
• The mala in one hand emphasised her ascetic quality. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms. Devotion to Bharat Mata became a symbol of one’s nationalism.
• From the significance of image of Bharat Mata in our National Movement, have learnt the value of inspiration to stay motivated.

Following are three important causes of the Non-cooperation Movement:

Khilafat Movement - The treatment meted out by the British government to the Caliph of Turkey disturbed the Indian Muslims as he was seen as their religious head. As a result, they started the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of the Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hasrat Mohani, etc. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to achieve the much desired Hindu-Muslim unity and made efforts to make common cause with the Khilafat leaders. He was elected as the President of the All-India Khilafat Conference in 1919 and advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the British government. The Khilafat leaders agreed and campaigned accordingly. Thus, the Khilafat Movement furthered the cause of the Non-cooperation Movement.

Rowlatt Act - The Rowlatt Act of 1919 authorised the British government to arrest and imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. The authorities could arrest an Indian without a warrant and could conduct his trial in seclusion. Also, the Act implied severe restrictions on movements of individuals and suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus. This was seen as a major breach of trust by Indians who were expecting the British to deliver on their promise of providing self-government. Gandhiji appealed to the Viceroy to withhold his consent to the Act but his plea fell on deaf ears.

Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy - The Jalianwala Bagh massacre and the subsequent British reaction to it was a watershed event in the Indian freedom struggle. It led to a huge furor all over the country and hardened the Congress resolve to attain self government.

The British government constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. The commission was made to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But since all the members in the commission were British , the Indian leaders opposed the commission. The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon'.