Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20th 1889 to Alois Hitler and Klara Poelzl. Hitler went to Vienna in 1907 where he applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts but was twice turned down. This experience further embittered the increasingly angry Hitler, and he returned when his mother died, living first with a more successful friend (Kubizek), and then moving from hostel to hostel, a lonely, vagabond figure. Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 and avoided Austrian military service in early 1914 by virtue of being unfit. However, when the First World War broke out in 1914, he joined the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment (an oversight prevented him from being sent to Austria), serving throughout the war, mostly as a corporal after refusing promotion. In 1932, Hitler acquired German citizenship and ran for president, coming second to von Hindenburg. Later that year, the Nazi party acquired 230 seats in the Reichstag, making them the largest party in Germany. At first, Hitler was refused the office of Chancellor by a president who distrusted him, and a continued snub might have seen Hitler cast out as his support failed.

Mazzini was a relentless opposer of monarchy and he had a vision of democratic republic which frightened the conservatives. Thus he describes him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.
Giuseppe Mazzini He was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities. Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Because of this Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

• Bitter cry of outcast London was written by Andrew Mearns and William C. Preston.
•  It was published in the year 1883.

The main challenge faced by non-democratic governments is the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy. They have to institute a democratic government by bringing down the existing non-democratic regime and keeping the military from controlling the government. It has to establishing a sovereign and functional state.

The slavic nationalist struggled in the 19th century because the slavic nations existed as separate states and kingdoms.these were easily prone to conquers by other powers like Russia, Britain etc,. in a bid to unite all these small slavic nations, the slavic nation struggle took place.

Indentured labour was more or less like a bonded labour. Such indentured labourers worked in plantation and mines. Three conditions of contract on the basis of which the indentured labour worked were:

• The contract mentioned the monthly salary of the labourers.

• The contract did not specify any rights of the labourers. Sometimes, they had to work for 16 hours in a day. Thu,s they were exploited by the owners of plantation and mines.
• The contract gave extensive powers tot he employer. They could bring criminal charges against the labourer if the latter did not fulfill any terms and conditions that was mentioned in their contract.

Indentured labour was more or less like a bonded labour. Such indentured labourers worked in plantation and mines. Three conditions of contract on the basis of which the indentured labour worked were:

• The contract mentioned the monthly salary of the labourers.

• The contract did not specify any rights of the labourers. Sometimes, they had to work for 16 hours in a day. Thu,s they were exploited by the owners of plantation and mines.
• The contract gave extensive powers tot he employer. They could bring criminal charges against the labourer if the latter did not fulfill any terms and conditions that was mentioned in their contract.

The cause of the ‘Silesian Weavers’ uprising was due to the cheating of the weavers by the contractors. In 1845, the weavers raised a revolt against the contractors as the contractors drastically reduced their payments.
The viewpoint of the journalist Wilhelm Wolff for this uprising was - a large crowd of weavers reached the house of the contractor and demanded higher wages. They were not treated well, so a group of the crowd entered the contractor’s house forcibly and destroyed the furniture, windowpanes and plundered it. The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village but did not get shelter.
After 24 hours, he returned back with army and eleven weavers were shot dead. This shows that the viewpoint of the journalist was based against the weavers and in favour of the contractor. He did not understand the misery of the weavers properly.

French's control over Vietnam affected all aspects of the life of the Vietnamese. The most visible impact was witnessed in the field of economy and defence. However, culture too was deeply impacted.

The French established control over the education system of Vietnam to consolidate its control. 

(i) Economic: For French, colonies were necessary to provide natural resources and other goods. The Vietnamese economy was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantation to meet the French needs. Labours were hired on contracts, gradually landlordism became well entrenched and standard of living declined. To suit the French requirements, for easy transportation of goods, massive infrastructure projects, rail networks were established. 

(ii) Religion: The French, in order to consolidate its control and authority, wanted to exercise cultural and social domination and influence. One such way was to introduce Christianity in Vietnam, establish Christian Missionaries and encourage conversions. 

(iii) Education: The French, in order to civilize the natives, introduced modern education and dismantled the traditional education system in Vietnam. They followed the policy of discrimination against the Vietnamese students, of deliberately failing students. The education system glorified French rule. 

(iv) Health and Hygiene: French tried to create modern Vietnam with modern architecture and engineering skills to build a modern city in Hanoi but the native quarter was not provided with modern facilities. 

(v) Political: France had taken control over Tonkin and Annam for the purpose of controlling the colony and to halt British desire to expand southwards from China. France prevented Vietnamese from qualifying for white collar jobs which resulted in resistance