Two of the strong demands of the emerging middle classes in Europe were:

1. The freedom and perfect competitiveness in markets.
2. The abolition of the state-imposed restructures on the movement of capital and goods.

Development is a comprehensive term that includes increase in per capita income, reduction of poverty, increase in literacy rate etc.

Characteristics of Development:

1. For development, people look at a mix of goals.
2. Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek equal treatment, good health, peace and security, etc.
3. Different people have different as well as conflicting goals of development.

Prudential reason - it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups since social conflict of an leads to balance and political instabilityIt is a good way to the stability of political orderImposing the wheel of majority community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run what in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.Moral reason - It is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its effects or who have to live with its effects.People have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.A ligitimate government is one where citizens through participate acquire A stake in the system.

The causes for the rise of Nationalism in Europe are as follows:

1. Language: After the rule of Russia was imposed on Poland, the local language Polish was abolished from schools, and Russian was promoted. Soon people started using Polish as a symbol of national resistance against Russian rule.
2. Folk Artforms: Nationalism and patriotism were promoted and preserved in the form of poetry, folk dances, folk songs.
3. Romanticism: Romantic nationalism was developed among people on the basis of sentiments and feelings. Romantic poets promoted the common cultural past all people shared.
4. Successful revolutions: The success of revolutionaries in other parts of Europe like France and the Unification of Italy gave confidence to people all across Europe.

RBI monitors the functioning of formal sources of credit. RBI insure that they give loans not only to profit making businesses but also to poor people and small traders.

During the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground the following events happened:

1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
2. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
3. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
4. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. He was an Italian revolutionary founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy, and the German states. 
5. Giuseppe Mazzini believed that nations are natural units of mankind. In his view, the creation of nation-states is a necessary part of the struggle for freedom. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty Following his model, secret societies were set-up in Germany France, Switzerland and Poland.
6. He was opposed to monarchy and believed in the vision of democratic republics. He did not believe in small states and kingdoms. 
7. Giuseppe Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives, Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.

The Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced number of currencies, create network of railways for fast and heavy mobility. So a single solution for all these economic problems was known by the name of Zollverein.

Sri Lanka has a multi-culture population. Sri Lanka has two major social groups, Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils. People who speak Sinhala are known as the Sinhalese. People who speak Tamil are the Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese comprise 74 per cent of the total population in Sri Lanka while Tamils make up 18 per cent of the total population in Sri Lanka.

Composition of SriLanka

• The bulk of the population of the Sinhalese group of around 74 per cent
• Tamils around 18 per cent, who are mainly concentrated in the north and east of the island, making the largest ethnic minority.
• Muslims are representative of other communities.
• Two sub-groups exist among Tamils. Among Tamils, two sub-groups exist.
• The Tamil natives of the country are called Sri Lankan Tamils of around 13 per cent.
• The Indian Origin Tamils are the Tamils who were brought from India by British colonists to serve on estate plantations as indentured workers of around 5 per cent.
• Buddhists are predominantly Sinhala-speaking people, while the majority of Tamils are Hindus or Muslims.
• Around 7% of Christians are both Tamil & Sinhalese.

Animal

Print popularized the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers in the following ways:

1. Collectively the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition, and despotism.
2. Scholars and thinkers argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything should be judged through the application of reason and rationality.
3. They attacked the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power of the state thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.
4. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms, and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
5. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning critical and rational.

"British rule in India would have collapsed if Indians had not cooperated", this statement helps in starting a mass movement in India against the British rule as:

1. The idea of non-cooperation was first introduced by Gandhiji in his book Hind Swaraj, where he declared that since the British had established their rule in India with the cooperation of the Indians, it would collapse only when the cooperation was withdrawn.
2. He proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the government had awarded to the Indians. A boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative assemblies, schools and foreign goods would show their non-cooperation to the British empire.
3. Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was brought up with the objective of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the rule of Napoleonic wars.
Objectives of the Treaty of Vienna:

1. Undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during Napoleonic wars.
2. The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored. French lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon.
3. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
4. Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
5. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
6. Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

Mazzini organized a new political society called Young Italy. It was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: "One, free, independent, republican nation." Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement.

In Sorrieu's utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags, and national costumes. Sorrieu created the image to unify the disintegrated states into a nation state under a democratic constitution.