Till the First World War, industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. New factories were set up and oldIndia and the Contemporary World ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed.
After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian Market.

Peter Norman wore a human rights badge during the medal ceremony to show his support to the two American athletes who tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

"If France Sneezes rest of the europe catches cold" This Statement was said by austrian chancellor Duke Metternich He said this statement because LIberals in europe get inspired by the revolutions of liberals in France  to overthrow Monarchy,Conservatism,&Aristocracy And Form their Elected constitution But this was Rejected by The consevatives this is why Metternich has Said "If France Sneezes rest of the europe catches cold" 

Joint Forest Management (JFM) programmes have been launched by various State Governments. The first state to start this programme was Odisha in 1988.
The features of JFM are
(i) Under this programme, local communities are involved in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
(ii) The major purpose of the JFM is to protect the forests from encroachments, grazing, theft and fire and also to improve the forests in accordance with an approved Joint Forest Management Plan.
(iii) In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produces.

At that time most of the people were illiterate. They were able to understand only vernacular regional or simple language. That is why use of the vernacular or regional language easily carry out the modern nationalist message to the large audience easily.
Nationalist sentiment also attached with local language. The message conveyed in vernacular language affect powerfully. Folk lore, folk tales and the activities concerned with vernacular language gave the feeling of nationalism and tied the people by the thread of national love and honour.

‘Elle’ was the measurement of cloth from elbow to finger tip, which was used in Europe particularly in Germany.

Serialised novels are those which are published in journals or magazines in instalments over a long period.Serialised novels allow the reader to relish the suspense of a story over a long period of time. These hold interest of the readers who eagerly look forward to know about the future development in the next issue. It keeps the discussion alive among readers.

Pariksha Guru was the first contemporary Hindi novel written by Lala Srinivas Das, which was published in the year 1882.

The main values which the novel emphasized were:

•    It encouraged young India to respect our own values & culture rather     than getting influenced by foreign culture.

•    It advised, it is wise to be rooted in our own traditions & moral.

•    It warned the men to beware of loose morale's and a bad company which ultimately leads to deterioration of our own values, tradition & culture.

•    It aimed to build the morale of the wise men & women of India.

In primary sector, because on secondary sector when the development increase 6 times the employment increases 2.5 times only. In tertiary sector when development increases 13 tims the employment increases only 5 times. So most of them engage in primary and create disguised unemployment.

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India:

(i)In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga.

(ii)During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built. 

(iii)Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc. 

(iv)In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built. 

(v)In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.

Communalism can pose a great threat to Indian democracy as: 

(i) It leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations. 

(ii) Any attempt to bring followers of one religion together in a context other than religion is bound to suppress many voices within that community.

Representatives of European powers, i.e. Austria, Britain, Russia and Prussia, met at Vienna in 1815 after having defeated Napoleon. The Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich was the head of the Congress. Here the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was drawn up to undo the changes after the Napoleonic wars. Thus the Bourbon dynasty, deposed during the French Revolution,was put back in power even as France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

To prevent every future expansion of France, many states were set up on France’s boundaries.So the kingdom of Netherlands including Belgium came up in the north, while Genoa came together with Piedmont in the south. Prussia received some important new territories on its western frontiers. Austria gained control of northern Italy. The 39 states in the German Confederation as set up by Napoleon underwent no changes. In the east, Russia received a part of Poland and Prussia received a part of Saxony.
The objective was to restore the monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe.

1. Coal is the most abundantly found fossil fuel in India.
2. Its three major forms are Anthracite, Bituminous and Lignite.
3. Characteristic of each of the forms are

• Anthracite: It is the highest quality of coal as it is hard in nature.
• Lignite: It is a low grade coal. It is soft with high moisture content.
• Bituminous: It is popularly used in various industries. High grade bituminous coal is used in blast furnaces for smelting iron.

Mode of communication:

(I) Radio and television also help to relay news, pictures, and telephone calls to vast audiences around the world and hence they are termed as mass media. They are vital for advertising and entertainment. 

(II) Newspapers are able to cover events in all corners of the world. 

(III) Satellite communication relays information of the earth and from space. The internet has truly revolutionised the global communication system .

Yes, more Indian companies should emerge as MNCs. It would benefit the people in the country in the following ways :

(a) New job opportunities have been created by the emergence of Indian companies as MNCs.
(b) Local companies that provide raw material and other services to these companies have prospered.
(c) Rise in production standards, improved the standard of living of the people.

Orissa and Jharkhand are the two states that are backward in spite of having rich mineral deposits. These are underdeveloped states of India because minerals here aren't replenished yet due to lack of technology and skills.

1.  Stocks  are materials in the environment which have the capacity to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these. For example, water is a compound of two inflammable gases, hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy.
2.  But the required technical knowhow to use these abundant gases for this purpose is not available at present.
3.  Similarly, by development of desalinisation project we can make ocean water usuable for drinking purpose. But we do not have the proper expertise and funds to use them, but our future generations may be able to do so with the advancement of science and technology
4.  This is how stock can become developed resources with technical know how and development

The horizontal power sharing

Power is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.

Organs of the government are placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

Each organ observes the other.

The vertical sharing power,

Power is shared among the different levels of the governments.

Power involves the highest and the lower levels of government.

The lower organs work under the higher organs