Challenges to democracy is linked to political reforms: 1. Challenge of expansion would include political reforms that would ensure basic principles of democracy at every level. For example, Right to Information Act ensures the people know about the proceedings of the government. 2. Challenges of deepening democracy can call for political reforms that would strengthen the participation of the ordinary citizens so that power doesn't remain in the hands of the influential. 3. Challenges to democracy are not fixed just like political reforms are fixed. But both support certain principles like the division of power, representation of the citizens and follow of democratic principles of equality and justice.

Today, Dams are built not for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Hence, these dams are referred as multi purpose projects where the many uses of the impound water are integrated with one another. For Example - In the Sutluj Beas river basin, the Bhankra-Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.

1. The Chemical Industry in India is fast growing and diversifying, contributing approximately 3 per cent of the GDP. It is one of the third largest industries in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in terms of its size.
2. The Chemical industry comprises of both large and smallscale manufacturing units and rapid growth rates have been recorded in both organic and inorganic sectors.
3. The inorganic chemicals including sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies etc. are used to manufacture fertilizers, adhesives, plastic, detergents, soaps, caustic soda etc. These industries are widely spread across the entire subcontinent.
4. The organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals. Such organic chemical plants are located near various oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
5. The chemical industry in India is its own largest consumer. The basic chemicals undergo processing to produce chemicals which are of great importance to industrial application, agriculture or directly for the consumer market.

15 August 1947...

15 August 1947

15 August 1947

15 august 1947.....

RTI act empower the people to find out what is happening in the government, that is why rti is called as watchdog of democracy

See chapter - challenges to democracy

See.. Chapter consumer rights

Paper, coins and cheque

Paper Notes and coins

Notes and coins which do not have its own value

The French colonisers in Vietnam took some important steps to develop agriculture in Vietnam.
These were
(i) The French authority started building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
(ii) The vast system of irrigation works i.e. canals and earthworks were built mainly by forced labour.
(iii) The French constructed railway network to facilitate the export system of agricultural products of Vietnam.

Alliance is defined as a written agreement between two or more parties in order to forge a bond, and/or work together to serve both sides interests.

A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially Between countries or organizations

The process of German unification:- In 1848, the middle class Germans tried to unite the different regions of German confederation into a nation state under an elected parliament. but this liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and big landlords of Prussia. Otto Van Bismarck, the chief minister of Prussia carried out the process of unification with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Bismarck was convinced that the unification of Germany could only be achieved by the princes, and not by the people. He wanted to achieve his aim by merging Prussia into Germany. In 1867, Bismarck became the chancellor of the North confederation. Bismarck's main aim was to unify Germany and was accomplished by three wars which were fought in a brief period of seven years. These wars were ended with the victory of Prussia which helped in completing the process of German unification on 18th January 1871. The German unification established the prussian dominance in europe.

• Germania was the allegory of the German nation. She wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
• Oak leaves stands for valour,courage and honour.
• Germania was a allegory representing Germany who was under the rule of foreign forces .

• The world's largest democracy by electorate was created after independence in 1947 under the leadership of its nationalist movement, the Indian National Congress. Elections to its Parliament are held once every 5 years.The first general Elections.
• Democracy took a giant step forward with the first general election held in 1951-52 over a four-month period.
• These elections were the biggest experiment in democracy anywhere in the world.
• The elections were held based on universal adult franchise, with all those twenty-one years of age or older having the right to vote.
• There were over 173 million voters, most of them poor, illiterate, and rural, and having had no experience of elections. 

Aadika jii shayad aapne question sahi se nahi pada...... Unhone before the day of exam bola h....

Sabse pehele toh social science ka paper 28 ko nahi 29 ko hai ......

read ur notes...

choice of goods increased. foreign trade increased and foreign exchange brought in india. new jobs are created due to MNC's setting production in india. local producers are dominated by foreign producers.Ex - domination of chinese toys in indian markets over indian toys. govt. put new schemes to support indian producers.Ex -made in india

Xyz

It is proccess of rapid integration and inter connection of countries

The Quit India Movement, or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.

(i) Print materials like newspapers and books popularised the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers. They gave a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism in contemporary society.
(ii)They suggested that everything should be judged through application of reason and rationality. They criticised the sacred authority of church and the despotic power of the state. They questioned about the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.
(iii)The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely. Those who read them developed an attitude of questioning, criticism and judging on the basis of rationality.
(iv) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and public recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
(v) By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature, cartoons and caricatures which circulated everywhere and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy. In this way, print helped people to think differently.

The statement ‘Road Transport’ and ‘Rail Transport’ in India are not competitive but complementary to each other, can be justified in the following ways :
(i) Road transport is more suitable for short distances, whereas rail transport is more suitable for long distances.
(ii) Road transport is economical in the transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances, whereas rail transport is more suitable for a large number of people and heavy goods.
(iii) It is beneficial for perishable goods to be carried by roads in short period of time, whereas nonperishable and bulky goods are transported by railways for longer distances.
(iv) Road transport increases the efficiency of railways.
(v) Road transport links the rural areas with railway stations.
(vi) The deficiency of railways is compensated by road transport.

Human development	World Development report
This notion of development  implies leading a good quality life where individuals develop themselves to the fullest. It includes providing good education, health facilities. This gives us a broader picture of development as specified by Human Development index.It includes the qualitative aspect of development.	It focuses on development in the conventional sense that would mean rise in per capita income and growth in the economy while comparing countries. It takes into account the quantitative aspect of development and does not give a broader perspective about the notion of development
This would include the literacy rate ,life expectancy rate, infant mortality rate to determine the development status of a particular region or a country.	This indeed is considered as important factor of drawing comparisons between countries. It is the average income or per capita income which is taken into consideration while making comparisons.
All the above aspects of human development could be regarded important to provide a complete picture of development and to lead a quality, dignified life.	World bank has specified the criterion accordingly, for categorising countries into developed, developing and underdeveloped countries.

 

Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not too concerned with censorship. Strangely, its early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule and hated the actions of particular Company officers. The Company was worried that such criticisms might be used by its critics in England to attack its trade monopoly in India.
After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the native press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of stringent control. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests. When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all over India.

Importance of International Trade:
1. Mutual co-opcration : External trade increases mutual co-operation between different countries of the world It enables a country to obtain those goods which it does not produce or manufacture. Similarly, it can supply it surplus goods to those countries which may be in need of them.

 

2. Enhances production efficiency :

External trade enables a country to concentrate only on the production of such goods which it can economically and efficiently produce by itself. This results increased productivity and lowering of cost.

3. Increases overall production : Since each of country produces only such goods which it can economically and efficiently produce, hence the overall world production is increased. All factors of production throughout the world are put to best possible use.

4. Better standard of living : External trade enables each country to obtain from the other country or countries the goods which it is not position to produce and thus provides to its citizens all types of goods and services which are necessary for making their life comfortable. This results in a better standard of living.

5. Optimum use of resources : External Trade enables a country to make optimum use of resources—both natural and human. Japan is the living example of such optimum utilization of resources. It depends for its requirements of foodstuffs and raw materials on other countries. It is best equipped for manufacturing of industrial goods which it supplies in abundance at competitive price to other countries.

6. Brings price equalization : In the absence of external trade there would have been wide disparities in the prices of the same goods. However, due to free transfer of goods from one country to another prices are international traded goods are more or less equalized.

7. Use of latest technology : External trade enmables countries of the world to use the latest technology, innovative ideas and benefits of improved production techniques.

Ans. Fast

Civil Disobedience Movement

• Mahatma Gandhi discovered salt was a common ingredient in the food of both rich and poor. He viewed the tax on salt and the monopoly of the Government on its production as downright oppressive.
•  On 31st January 1930, he sent a letter to Lord Irwin stating eleven wide ranging demands of various classes of India. The launch of Civil Disobedience was also stated.
•  On refusal to negotiate by the British, Mahatma Gandhi launched a salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat.
•  On 6^th April Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Non cooperation movement : Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government.

 Erasmus’s Idea of the Printed Book:  Erasmus, the latin scholar, was not happy with printing of books because he was afraid that this would lead to circulation of books with rebellious ideas. He felt that although a few books may give useful information, the majority of books may be just useless or give stupid, scandalous of irreligious ideas which may lead to incitement of rebellion.

Chota nagpur plateau is called the store house of minerals becoz....it is rich in iron content .

Chhota nagpur is known as the store house of minerals because it is rich in minerals like mica, bauxite, copper, limestone, iron ore and coal. It is responsible for a significant share of the country's mineral output............

India is a Democratic based country from the Independence all the people have right to choose any religion but now a days many queries are arising due to the act of religion based like atrocity ..people use it in bad ways therefore our society face many kinds of problems.. It disturb our economical ,sociological growth too.

Religion is sources of danger because the political parties disturb the government from the development of the country and let them to focus on religious issues..........

Your welcome

Long and careful consideration or discussion.

The people belonging to different communities develop a sense of collective belonging through :-
1.The creation of the image of Bharat mata by Bankim chandra chattopadhoy created a sense of national belonging.
2.The Nationalists developed a sense of collective belonging amongst the people by reminding the people about the rich culture and history of our country.
3. Creation of National identity through Folklore.
4.The creation of Indian flag by Gandhiji.

National flag,bharath matha etc