Powerloom and handloom provide employment to  large number of people in the rural areas. it is one of the main sources of their living. So if the industrial production increases, it will affect the livlihood of many families who work on power looms and handlooms in their houses. It will also result in unemployment and poverty. It is to avoid such circumsatnces and to make rural people self sufficient, the industrial or mill loomage is always kept lower than the power looms and the handlooms.

a. To establish control over natural resources and to ensure supply of raw materials and goods.
b. The French policy-makers wanted to educate the people of colonies because they considered education as one way to civilize the “natives".  They were driven by the idea of a ‘Civilizing Mission’, and considered it their duty to bring modern ideas to the colony and to reshape its culture and also to have an educated labor force.
c. The objective was also to develop these colonies so as to improve standard of living of the people and improving their purchasing power who would then buy goods leading to profits for French businessmen.

The Constitutional Amendment of 1992 introduced the concrete shape of decentralisation.
The three tiers of democracy have been made more effective. The provisions of Constitutional Amendment are as follows:
• To hold regular elections to the local government bodies has been made compulsory.
• Reservation of seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes in the elected bodies.
• One third i.e., 33 per cent seats to be reserved for women.
• To conduct election for the local government bodies at rural and urban level, State Election Commission, an independent institution, has been constituted.
• The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.
Thus after the Constitutional Amendment of 1992, the concept of decentralisation in the federal power sharing has become more democratic.

Caste expresses itself in politics in many ways.

1. The caste composition in a constituency influences political parties in issuing tickets to party candidates in elections.

2. The candidates of various political parties practice vote-bank politics, counting upon members of their caste to cast their votes in their favour. However this has been proved unscientific as not all members of a caste will vote for candidates of their caste. Also, multiple candidates contesting elections in a constituting and belonging to the same caste would result in a split in the votes cast.

3. Governments try to appease different castes by providing plum ministerial berths to elected representatives who have won on caste politics.

4. Communities also try to integrate and re-group to accrue benefits political by representations in politics

Politics in caste:

1) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
2) Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or communities
and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
3) New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.

In order to face the challenges in society, political parties need to be reformed.
The following steps should be taken to reform the political parties
(i) Anti-Defection Law Under the Anti-Defection Law, MLAs and MPs cannot change party after the election. This was done as many elected candidates were indulging in defection in order to become ministers or for cash rewards. Now, according to this law, if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in Legislature. At the same time, this law has made any dissent even more difficult. MPs and MLAs have to accept whatever the party leaders decide.
(ii) Affidavit Now, it is mandatory for every candidate, who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.
(iii) The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income tax returns.
(iv) It should be made mandatory for the parties to give one-third of their party tickets to women candidates, thus women can take part in the decision-making bodies of the party.

The First World War was the first modern industrial war. For the first time, it saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons etc on a massive scale. During this time, the world experienced economic and political instability.
These were all products of modem large scale industry
(i) To fight the war, millions of soldiers had to be recruited from around the world and moved to the front lines on large ships and trains.
(ii) The scale of death and destruction was devastating, 9 million people dead and 20 million injured, which was not possible without the use of industrial arms.

In 1815, the European powers met at Vienna and tried to transform all the changes that came about in Europe during ’ Napoleon’s era.
The four major proposals/features of the Vienna Congress were
(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its . Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
(iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

Secularism - is the state of being separate from religion, or not being exclusively allied with or against any particular religion.
In simple words one who is not biased towards any religion and treats everyone equal in terms of religion, is secular person.
Communalism - conflict between different communities, especially those having different religions or ethnic origins.
In simple words one who is biased towards one religion. The word communal comes from the word 'Community’ which means favoring a particular community.

• The Civil Disobedience Movement was started under the leadership of M.K. Gandhi in 1930. The main idea behind it was to defy and break the laws made by the British. It began with the salt March.
• Gandhi started his famous Salt March with 78 of his trusted volunteers from his ashram at sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi, over 240 miles away.
• On arrival at dandi on 6th April gandhi ceremonially manufactures a handful of salt by boiling sea water symbolising defiance of British laws.
• Peasants refused 'to pay revenue' apart from boycott of foreign cloth and picketing of liquor shops and chaukidari taxes. In many places forest people violated forest laws.
• For the first time women participated in a big way in protest marches, manufacturing salt, picketing shops.