Various factors such as common race, language, religion, aims and aspirations, culture and Shared past gave rise to nationalism.

Relationship between a novel and change in modern society:
• Suppose, for example, there is a novel in which many great things to change the society are written.
• Now, who ever will read that novel can get influenced to change the society.
• This leads to the change in the modern society.
• So, we can conclude that a novel can change
the modern society.
• Hence, this is the relationship between a novel and change in modern society.

1)  There were no ‘nation states’ in Europe in the mid 18th century. European countries like Germany, Switzerland, and Italy were divided into kingdoms, duchies, cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. 
 
2)  People living in these territories spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. These differences did not promote a sense of political unity and the only tie binding them was the common allegiance to the Emperor
 
3)   Ideas of national unity in Europe were closely associated with the ideology of liberalism. The term liberalism means free in Latin. 
 
4)  For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality of all before law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. 
 
5)  Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. 19th century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property
 
6)  But, equality before law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Revolutionary France marked the first experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote, and to get elected was granted exclusively to property owning men
 
7)  In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the 19th century, this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. 
 
8)  Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time consuming calculation.
 
9)  Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. 
 
10)  In 1834, a customs union was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The Union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. 
 
11)  The creation of a network of railways, further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. 
 
12) A wave of economic nationalism further strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time
 

Geography

Section earlier consisted of Seven Chapters

but now Second Chapter i.e. Forest and Wildlife Resources has been removed

In Chapter Four i.e. Agriculture - Content of Page no. 44 to 47 of NCERT book is to be deleted

In Sixth Chapter i.e. Manufacturing Industries - Content mentioned on page no. 74-75 of NCERT, Geography Text book i.e. Aluminium Smelting, Chemical Industries, Fertilizer Industry, Cement Industry is not required to be deliver in class room during instruction.

Civics

Popular Struggles and Movements (Note : Ch-5 is to be done as project work only and will not be evaluated in theory)

Geography

Section earlier consisted of Seven Chapters

but now Second Chapter i.e. Forest and Wildlife Resources has been removed

In Chapter Four i.e. Agriculture - Content of Page no. 44 to 47 of NCERT book is to be deleted

In Sixth Chapter i.e. Manufacturing Industries - Content mentioned on page no. 74-75 of NCERT, Geography Text book i.e. Aluminium Smelting, Chemical Industries, Fertilizer Industry, Cement Industry is not required to be deliver in class room during instruction.

Civics

Popular Struggles and Movements (Note : Ch-5 is to be done as project work only and will not be evaluated in theory)

Importance of Regional Political Parties:

Over the last three decades, the number and strength of regional parties have expanded. This made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse.

No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result the National Parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties.

Since 1996, nearly everyone of the state parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other National level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our county.

 The European countries acquired colonies in the East Asian countries to exploit their natural resources. Like other European countries the French also propagated that it was their mission to bring the benefits of civilization to backward people. They posed that they were driven by the idea of the civilizing mission. Like the British in India, the French claimed they were bringing modern civilization to Vietnam. They considered that it was their duty to bring modern ideas into their colonies even at the cost of destroying the local culture, beliefs, etc.

(1) Impacts :
(i) Constitutional status for local governments has helped to deepen democracy.
(ii) It has increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy.
(2) Difficulties :
(i) Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.
(ii) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to local governments.
(iii) State governments have not provided adequate resources.

The main aims of the French revolutionaries were:

• Drafting of a formal constitution
• Establishment of representative government
• Abolition of the monarchy
• Foundation of a secular and democratic republic
• To bring essential social changes based on liberalism
• Liberate the people of Europe from dictatorship  

(i) Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy though its share in the Gross Domestic Production has a declining trend from 1951 onwards; yet its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population continue to be as high as 63% in 2001.
(ii) Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased, reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental.
(iii) Keeping this in view, government of India made concerted and planned efforts to modernise agriculture.
(iv) Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture.
(v) Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and our government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation.

Most of the minerals in India are nationalised and they can be extracted with due permission of the government. But in most of the tribal areas of north-east India, minerals are owned by individuals or communities. Mining of minerals like coal, iron ore, limestone, dolomite, etc., is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat-hole Mining’.

The technology in the 19th century made the trade very easier and smooth. When the refrigerated ships arrived, they helped in the export of meat because in the early days, the animals were used to export in the ships, but there were many problems like the dying of animals and the price of meat was high that only rich people could afford it. Now with the help of refrigerated ships, these all problems are vanished and prices of the stuff have reduced. Moreover, the railway services are also improved and the grains from one place to another can be easily transported.