Resources are essential for human survival and for maintaining the quality offlife. But indiscriminate use of resources had led to many problems like;
(i) Depletion of resources for satisfying the need of few greedy individuals.
(ii) Accumulation of resources in the hands of few individuals dividing the society into haves and have nots or rich and poor.
(iii) Over exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crisis like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, environmental pollution and land degradation.

(i) More workers than the demand : There was an abundance of workers in the market than the demand This had an adverse impact on the lives of the workers. Due to the shortage of work, most of the workers failed to get jobs So they offered their services at lower wages.
(ii) Seasonality of work : Seasonality of work any industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find.
(iii) Low real wages : Though the wages increased somewhat in the early 19th century, but the increase was nullified by increase in prices. During the Napoleonic ware, the red wages fell significantly.
(iv) Poverty and unemployment : At the best of times, till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population was extremely poor The unemployment rate was also very high.
(v) Housing problem : Factory or workshop owners did not house live migrant workers. Many job seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or night in shelters.

Ho Chin Minh led the Vietnamese nationalist movement against the Japanese imperialist forces, the French colonial power and the the Americans. In 1930, he founded the Indo-Chinese Communist party and later founded Viet-Minh, the communist dominated independent Movement. He led was determined to reunite Vietnam under the communist rule.He was a great nationalist leader of Vietnam who united people of Vietnam in their struggle against the colonists and capitalist forces.

Belgium even though a small country has a varied, diverse population. This is how the population structure of Belgium looks -
Dutch - 59 %
French - 40 %
German - 1 %
The Belgian government has amended their constitution four times, and made various adjustments to resolve the problem of majoritarianism.
- The Belgian constitution clearly states that both communities, Dutch and French will have equal representation in the governing body of the state.
- The capital , Brussels has a separate government, where too Dutch and French have been given equal representation in the government inspite of having unequal percentage in the population.
- Also, there's a kind of Community government in Belgium. This community government functions to resolve any dispute among the different ethnic groups- Dutch , French or German.

The 10 Hour movement began among the skilled crafts persons first in America and then in Britain in 1820s. This movement was pertaining to limiting the number of working hours in a factory.

Horizontal Division of Powers
(i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary.
(ii) In horizontal division of powers, different organs of government exercise different powers, i.e., there is a concept of separation of powers.
(iii) Horizontal distribution specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the exercises of unlimited powers of the organs.
(iv) Horizontal distribution of power ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.
Vertical Divisions of Powers
(i) In Vertical Division of powers, power can be shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local levels of such government, i.e., it involves higher and lower levels of government.
(ii) Whereas, in vertical division of powers, constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.
(iii) But, there is no such concept of checks and balances in the vertical Division because powers are clearly given by the constitution from the higher level to the lower level.
(iv) Vertical division of powers promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.

Power sharing is desirable in democracy because:
(i) Prudential reasons:
(a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
(b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. (c) Imposing the will of majority, community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation.
(ii) Moral reasons:
(a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effect.
(b) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
(c) A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

In modern democracies, power sharing can take the following forms:
1. Organs of Government: In democracy, power shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power, it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to excercise different powers. No organ can excercise unlimited power as each organ checks the others.
2. Governments at different levels:
In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
3. Social Groups:
 Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In iIndia there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.

The political arrangement in Belgium is an ideal example of power sharing.It had accommodated the interests of its two main ethnic groups, that is, the Dutch and the French.The two groups have equal share in the working of government.To maintain political stability and unity equal representation had to be provided to the two social groups.Both French and Dutch speaking ministers are in the central government.Many powers of the central government has also been distributed among the state governments of both French and Dutch speaking regions.Apart from this, a community government also exists which is elected by people belonging to one language community.Such an arrangement has prevented civil strife.
But Srilanka, followed majoritarian policies which gave preferences to the interests of the majority Sinhala community neglecting the Tamil minority. In 1956, an Act was passed by the Sinhala government to recognise Sinhala as the only official language. Tamil was disregarded.Sinhala applicants were favoured for university positions and government jobs whereas Tamils were neglected.  The interests of the Tamils were undermined which in the long run gave rise to civil war and political instability. 

Belgium of the country total pop
59 percent live in flemish n speak dutch
40 percent live
in wallonia n speak french
remaining 1 percent speak german
whereas in d capital ie brussels 80 percent spoke french n 20 percent spoke dutch4hu74

SRI LANKA
74 percent sinhala speakers
18 percent tamil speakers
tamils speakers were divided into 2 subgroups
srilankan tamils n indian tamils sri lankan tamils were 13 percent n rest 5percent were indian tamils
indian tamils worked dere as plantation workers

Consequences of majoritarian policies adopted by Sri Lankan Government were:
(i) Tamils felt the government was not sensitive about Tamil language and culture because Sinhala was declared the official language.
(ii) Tamils felt discriminated against securing jobs and education which were given preferentially to the Sinhala speakers.
(iii) Tamils felt the government was Practising religious discrimination because the State fostered Buddhism. Relations between Tamils ' and Sinhalese became strained .

On the basis of the status of development, resources are classified into four groups, namely potential, developed, stock and reserve.
(i) Potential Resources : Potential resources are those which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, solar energy and wind energy, available in Rajasthan and Gujarat, have not been developed properly.
(ii) Developed Resources : Developed resources are those which are estimated in terms of their quantity and quality for utilisation, e.g., water, soil, forests.
(iii) Stock Resources : Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but are not technologically accessible to human beings, e.g., use of water as a rich source of energy.
(iv) Reserve Resources : Reserve is a part of stock which can be put to use in the near future with the help of existing technology, e.g., water in dams, forests.

The   developmental goals for an adivasi from narmada valley are :-

1) Govt provided facilities to the people to improve their condition

2) Govt took steps against the Adivasi Dam, so people won't get displace from their homes.

3) Govt left the agricultural land alone for the development of buildings .

The ethnics composition of Belgium, a small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city, Brussels, about 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.
Belgium is a small country in Europe whose population is about one crore only.

The ethnics composition of Belgium, a small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city, Brussels, about 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.
Belgium is a small country in Europe whose population is about one crore only.