Two examples of different types of global exchange

(i) Before the 17th century, China exported silk and pottery to Europe in exchange of gold and silver from Europe. This trade was carried out using the traditional ‘silk route’.

(ii) Many common food items like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes and chillies were introduced into Europe from the Americas after they were discovered by columbus at the end of the 15th century.

Gandhiji’s first experiment with satyagraha occurred at Champaran, Bihar, in 1917. Here, he led the indigo farmers of Champaran in a struggle against the European planters. The movement was successful and the Government was compelled to increase the price of indigo ultimately. After this success, Gandhiji led the peasants of Kheda, Gujarat, in another satyagraha. The farmers were demanding a tax exemption because of a failed crop. Through Gandhiji’s efforts, the peasants were successful in their struggle and managed to win a tax exemption from the British authorities. Later in 1918, he also took up the cause of Ahmadabad textile workers and won a wage increase for them from the mill owners.

The 1968 Olympics was held in Mexico City. Two players named Tommie Smith and John Carlos, an African American athletes, had won gold and bronze respectively in 200m race. They raised their voice against racism and discrimination in the US, during the medal ceremony they stood with clenched fists upraised, head bowed wearing black socks and no shoes while the American anthem was played.

They represented themselves on behalf of that population which were discriminated in the United States on the basis of creed and colour.

The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) refers to the social movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against Black Americans and restoring voting rights to them.
The emergence of the Black Power Movement, (BPM) which lasted roughly from 1966 to 1975, enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement (CRM) to include racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency and freedom from oppression by White Americans.
The movement was characterised by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of non-violent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities.
Federal, state and local governments, businesses and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African-Americans. Martin Luther King Junior was the most prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He thought that Black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans should be compensated for historical wrortgs.

To draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States, the African American athletes performed following activities:
(i) They received their models wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.
(ii) When American national anthem was played, these two African-American athletes stood with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed.
(iii) The black gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black power.
(iv) Peter wore a human rights badge on his shirt to show his support.

During the 'Age of Revolution', the first insurrection took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon dynasty, restored during the conservative reaction after 1815, was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. In its place, a constitutional moarchy with Louis Philippe at is head was installed. This 'July Revolution' led to another insurrection in Brussels and led to Begium becoming independent from the control of the Kingdom of Netherlands. Even before these events, it had been witnessed that France was the political nervecentre of the rest of Europe. Ever since the French Revolution, the political developments in France had direct impact on the rest of the European continent. Hence Metternich said 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'.

The power of the printed word is most often seen in the way, so governments seek to regulate and suppress print. The colonial government kept continuous track of all books and newspapers published in India and passed numerous laws to control the press. Gandhi considered that the liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association were three most powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion. But the government of India tried to crush his idea. At that moment he encouraged Indians to fight for Swaraj for khilafat which meant a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association.

Similarities
- common culture and language
- many different states, some under foreign rule
- one leading nation that promotes unification (Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy, Kingdom of Prussia in Germany)
- oddily, this leading nations are both off the main cultural centres
- secret societies that promote unification
- succesful wars against foreign powers (Sardinia vs Austria, Prussia vs France and Austria)
Differences
- in Italy, creation of a unitary state; in Germany, all the states are left in existence, keeping some sovereignity, but accept the king of Prussia as emperor - unitary state only in 1918
- Italian unification supported by France (in part) and Great Britain; German unification adversed by France and Great Britain

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 
Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government.

Simon Commission: The British government constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. The commission was made to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But since all the members in the commission were British , the Indian leaders opposed the commission. The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon'.

The FEDECOR 's full form is Feracion Departamental Cochabambina de Regantes ( meaning Cochabamba Federation of Irrigators' Organisations')

Feracion Departamental Cochabambina de Regantes was actually an organisation in Bolivia. It consisted of human rights activists, environmentalists, professionals, labors, farmers etc. It protested and fought against the privatization of water sources in Bolivia

(a) In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia. It was joined by most of the German States.
(b) The aim of zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation. The Union abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to only two.
It helped to awaken and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people realised that a free economic system was the only means to engender national feeling.

In Britain the formation o nationalism was due to the constant and long term struggle. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones - such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. UAE was get into formation due the to Act of Union between England and Scotland. The Scottish highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country.

• Forests
• Land not available for cultivation: There are two types of land which are not used for agriculture purpose. These are:
  • Barren and waste land
  • Lands used for buildings, roads, factories, etc. i.e for non-agriculture purpose.
• Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
  • Permanent pastures and grazing land,
  • Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),
  • Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
• Fallow lands
  • Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
  • Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
• Net sown area: Area which is sown at least once in a year is called net sown area.
• Gross cropped area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

(i) High population levels.
(ii) Low agricultural productivity.
(iii) Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants,
(iv) There was a necessity of land reforms.
(v) Could not ensure sufficient employment.
(vi) Industrialisation needed to ensure the recovery of economy.