Occupational Mobility: Shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practised by their ancestors.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement:

Non-Cooperation Movement:

1. This movement was not meant to break the laws formed by the British government. The people were asked not to cooperate with the government.
2. Foreign goods were boycotted.
3. Liquor shops were picketed.
4. Foreign clothes were burnt in heap.
5. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade on foreign goods or finance foreign traders.
6. Students left the government-owned schools and colleges.
7. Lawyers gave up legal practices.
8. This movement was launched in order to unify Hindu and Muslim and to attain Swaraj.

Civil Disobedience Movement:

1. This movement dealt with the breaking of the laws formed by the British government.
2. The countrymen broke the salt law.
3. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.
4. Village officials resigned from their jobs.
5. Forest people violated forest rules and laws.
6. This movement was launched basically to attain Purna Swaraj and because of the refusal of 11 demands of Congress.

Garibaldi, Giuseppe is known as sword of Italy

Karol Kurpinski was a romantic artist from poland . he celebrated the national struggle through the operas and music, turning folk dances like polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

The use of money makes it easier to exchange things because
(i) it is accepted as a medium of exchange.
(ii) it serves as a unit of value.
(iii) it solves the problem of double coincidence of wants.

In the elections in 1932, the Nazi won 37 percent of votes and it became the single largest party. Hitler demanded the right to become the Chancellor, but this was turned down by the President and von Papen was made the Chancellor instead. But he did not command majority in the Reichstag, and had to soon step down. After von Schleicher also steeped down from the Chancellorship, In January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship to Hitler. After assuming power, Hitler demolished the pillars of democracy. He suspended civil rights such as the freedom of speech/press and the freedom to assemble.

a. Prior to 18 century, there was no British nation as such rather there were primary ethnic identities like English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
b. These ethnic groups had own social cultural and political traditions.
c. England expanded in terms of power and its influence and in 1688 its Parliament seized power from the monarchy.
d. In  1707: England and Scotland enter into the Act of Union resulting in the formation of United Kingdom.
e. As English nation also tried  to suppress Scotland's distinctive culture and also forced them to speak English language in place of Gaelic language and they were not even allowed to wear their national dress.
f. In 1801: Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.

A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes.
These purposes maybe IRRIGATION, HYDROPOWER, WATER-SUPPLY, FLOOD CONTROL, NAVIGATION, FISHING and RECREATION.
Dams may be classified into number of ways.

:STORAGE DAM=They are constructed to store water during rainy season when there is a large flow in the river.

: DIVERSION DAMS=A Diversion dam is constructed for the purpose of diverting water of the river into an off taking canal.

: DEBRIS DAMS= A debris dam is constructed to retain debris such as sand,gravel,and drift wood flowing in the river with water. The water passing after debris dam is relatively clear.

:COFFER DAMS=It is an enclosure constructed around the construction site to exclude water so that construction can be done in dry.
etc.

A barrier to trade is a government imposed restraint on the flow of international goods or services. The most common barrier to trade is a tariff—a tax on imports. Tariffs raise the price of imported goods relative to domestic goods (goods produced at home).

Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.] In July 1983, the Sikh political party Akali Dal's President Harchand Singh Longowal had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex to evade arrest.Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarter. In the violent events leading up to the Operation Blue Star since the inception of Akali Dharm Yudh Morcha, the militants had killed 165 Hindus and Nirankaris, even 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale were killed. The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.

(i) Comparison in terms of GDP
In 1950-51, GDP at factor cost at constant (1993-94) prices was ? 140466 crores and in 2003-2004 was ? 1424507 crores.
In 2003-04, GDP growth rate was 8.2%
In 2003-04, in Primary sector, growth rate was 8.6%
In 2003-04, in Secondary sector, growth rate was 6.7%
In 2003-04, in Tertiary sector, growth rate was 8.4%
The main driving force behind high growth rate in GDP is the extremely good performance of the tertiary sector in general and the organised service sector (Transport, Communications, Banking, Finance, etc.) in particular.
(ii) Comparison in terms of Employment
In 1951—percentage of working force in India engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary sector was 72.1%, 10.7% and 17.2% respectively.
In 1999-2000, percentage of working force in India engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary sector was 60.4%, 16.8% and 22.7% respectively. On comparing we find a change in the occupational distribution in all the three sectors. People are shifting from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sectors. This is an indication of progressing on the path of development.
Yes, there could be other issues which should be examined like health, education and protection of workers in the unorganised sector, etc.
No, I do not agree with this statement. Tertiary sectorisplayingsignificantroleinthedevelopment ’ of Indian economy.

Tea is obtained by processing the tender leaves of the bush. The ideal temperature for its growth is 20º C to 30º C. It is grown on the undulating land of West Bengal and Assam.
Coffee is obtained by processing the beans. The ideal temperature for its growth is 15º C to 28ºC. It is g to grown in Nilgiri hills, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Q. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Answer:Italy became a nation because of efforts of Cavour. He made strategic alliances with France to defeat the Austrian forces. After several wars, the unification of Italy could become a possibility and it emerged as a nation state. 
Greece proclaimed independence from Ottoman Empire by citing its ancient culture which was entirely different from the Muslim Ottoman Empire. Many Greek who were in exile also supported this movement.
These examples show that various factors were at work towards development of nation states over the nineteenth century. In most of the cases, a history of shared culture, repression of the poor at the hands of the powerful and the origin of liberalism were the catalyst which worked towards developing the sense of nationalism among people.

(i) The idea of a nation can be created through stories, poets and writings. Music too can help in expressing nationalist feelings or sentiments.

(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which emerged in Europe, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments or national feelings. The main aim of romantic artists was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and a common cultural past.

(iii) Language also played an important role in developing the national sentiments or nationalist feeling, e.g., in Poland, language began to be used as a weapon of national resistance. The wide scale use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against national dominance.

By the 1848 revolution of the liberals we mean, the revolution led by the educated middle classes of Europe. Events of February 1848, in France brought about the abdication of the monarchy and a republic based on universal male franchise was formed.

Ideals Supported

(i) Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent, abolition of autocracy and special privileges.

(ii) Socially, the liberals supported the abolition of discrimination based on birth.

(iii) Economically, it stood for the abolition of trade restrictions imposed by the state.

India was born during peak of communal tensions in history of sub-continent. Constitution makers gave secular essence and taste to our Constitution. With inclusion of Word “Secular” in 1976, finally, justice system acquired tool to interpret all laws and orders in accordance to it.
But Politics on terms of communal lines never ceased in India since mid -1970s.
Examples: Rise of terrorism in Punjab, Separatists conflict in J&K, Babri Majid demoliation, Bombay Bomb Blasts, Godhra Riots and recent Ghar Wapsi adventures.
All above mentioned incidents have been politically motivated by all political entities same way or other. These activities left deep dent on India’s secular, tolerant image internally and externally.