(1) (i) About 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system, get transported over hundreds of meters and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
(ii) Bamboo drip irrigation system is practiced in Meghalaya.
(2) Features of bamboo drip irrigation ;
(i) Bamboo drip irrigation system is 200 year old system of tapping stream and stripwater by using bamboo pipe.
(ii) Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower reaches by gravity.
(iii) The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it is distributed into branches.

French Revolution was a Revolution that took place in France during the old regime, i.e. , around 1789

The main effects were :

- It lead to the emergence of middle class. The middle class earn wealth through overseas trade, manufacture etc..

- Although it does not solve social inequality, it increased the power of state assemblies. A national Assembly was created and King took decisions on the behalf of this Assembly.

- It paved the way for Napolean Bonaparte's Rise . He was dictator. Everyone saw him as a liberator but later he began to seen as an invading force.

- Reign of Terror was also an important effect. Maxmillan Robespierre was a strict ruler. He gave severe punishments to those who were against him.

- It resulted in the decrease in the power of Church. The church taxes called Tithe were abolished. Churches were shut down and converted into offices.

The effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front were immense. They were
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed , and foreign clothes were burnt hugely.
(ii) The import of foreign clothes halved between * 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from 102 crore to 57 crore rupees.
(iii) In many areas, traders and merchants refused to trade in foreign goods and sometimes even they refused to finance foreign trade.
(iv) As the boycott movement spread, people used only Indian clothes and began to discard foreign clothes.
As a result, production of Indian textile mills and handloom went up largely.

Cashew nut is very adaptable with respect to soil conditions required for growing. It can grow even in poor soil. However, the best soils for growing cashew nuts are deep and well drained loamy soil. Cashew nut also grows well on sandy soil. 

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.

A political party tries to convince people that its policies are better than others’ policies. They try to win elections so that they can implement their policies.

Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve PARTISANSHIP. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds. A political party has three components:

• The Leaders
• The Active Members and
• The Followers

The East India Company adopted various steps to ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles.
(i) Established political power to assert monopoly right to trade.
(ii) Developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control cost and ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods.
(iii) Eliminated the existing traders and broker connected with cloth and established direct control with the weaver.
(iv) Appointed paid servants called gomasthas to supervise weavers, examine the quality of the cloth and collect supplies.
(v) Weavers were not allowed to contact other buyers. Weavers were given advances and were offered the loan to buy raw material. Those who took advance or loan could not contact any other trader.
(vi) The weavers had to sell at a price dictated by the Company. By giving loan the Company bed the weavers with them.

• As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without competition.

• Also, they persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well.

• Thus, cotton weavers in India faced two problems at the same time:
→ Their export market collapsed as market overloaded with Manchester imports.
→ Availability of lower cost cotton goods produced by machines.

• By the end of the nineteenth century, factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine-made goods which created a problem of weavers.

The Industrial Revolution in England became the chief cause of India's poverty. As India was a colony of England it hit the Indian Economy adversely. The constant drain on India's economy by the ways of the purchase of raw material at very cheap rates and through the heavy import of British goods.
Due to the Industrial Revolution in England India's economy was affected in the following way:
1. The Industrial Devolution enabled England to produce more goods than needed there. So the Indian markets were flooded by the machines made goods from England. As a result of this, India which was at one time an exporting country was reduced to a big consumer of the English goods.
2. The Industrial Revolution in England threw the Indian artisans and handicrafts men out of job. As a result, Indian small scale household workshops became useless.
3. The British Government forced the Indian farmers to sell their raw material at cheap rates to the British factory owners. This policy of exploiting the Indian economy for the benefit of the British capitalist was the direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution on India's economy.
4. The unemployed artisans again became the farm labourers and over burdened the Indian agriculture. In this way, within very short time, India became a poor country where agriculture was the only occupation of the people.
5. Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, India was a major producer of cotton, woollen and silken cloth. But now she suffered a severe set back in these industries. As the British machine-made cloth was cheaper than the Indian cloth.
6. The Indian goods could not compete with the British machines made goods as the British Government in India imposed heavy duties on the Indian goods and discouraged the Indian craftsmen in many other ways so that they could never think of competing with the British goods.

• Greece became independent in the year 1832 after the treaty of Constantinople.
• It was between Britain, France Russia on one side and the Ottoman Empire on the other side.
• Leopold stepped down as a claimant of the Greece throne.
• The treaty allowed certain parts of the border area to be under control of Greece.

The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger occurrences are called lodes. They are usually formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upwards through cavities towards the earth’s surface. Examples: tin, copper, zinc, lead, etc.

Ferrous minerals are those minerals which have certain magnetic properties due to the fact that they contain some iron content in the form of hydroxides, carbonates or sulphides. These minerals are very important for the development of the metallurgical industries of a country. Examples of ferrous minerals include haematite, magnetite, manganese etc.

Unification of Italy :
Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italian were scattered over sevaral dynastic states as well as the multinational habsburg Empire . During the middle of the 19th century Italy was divided into seven state of which only sardinia piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. 

The unification process was led by three revolutionary -Giuseppe mazzini, count camillo de cavour and Giuseppe garibaldi.

As early as 1830s, Giuseppe mazzini sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian repulic.he organised a secret society called Young Italy.

With the failure of revolutionary uprising both in 18 31 and 1848,the responsibility fell on Sardinia piedmont under its rular king Victor Emmanuell 2 to unify the Italian states through war.

Cavour the chief minister of King victor Emmanuell 2, through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France,and by defeating Austrian forces in 1859,acquired the north under Austrian habsburgs.

Giuseppe Garibaldi,hero of red shirts with armed volunteers, acquired the southern Kingdom of Italy And two sicilies by driving out the Spanish rulers in the famous expedition of the Thousand south Italy 

In 1861,the first Italian parliament representing whole of Italy except venetia and the papal city of Rome formally conferred on victor Emmanuell the title of King of Italy 

venetia and Rome were added in 1866 and the 1870
Unification of Germany :

the frankfurt parliament failed in its purpose of unification of Germany under the leadership of King Wilhelm IV of purssia.but from then on purssia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification 

it's chief minister, otto von bismarck was the architect of the process . he carried out the movement for national unification with the help of the prussian army and bureaucracy 

Bismarck followed a policy of blood and iron to fulfil his object of unifying germany three war fought over the seven year 
On January 18,1871 in the Royal palace of versailles the hall of mirror the king of purssia kaiser William I was crowned as the german emperor. 

1. Reduced need for currency reserves: There is no exchange rate target so there is little requirement for a central bank to hold foreign currency reserves to use during intervention
2. Useful instrument of economic adjustment: For example depreciation of the exchange rate can provide a boost to exports and stimulate growth during a recession and/or when there is a risk of deflation. A good example of this is Poland whose currency the Zloty depreciated against the Euro in 2009-10 which helped Poland to avoid recession during the global financial crisis. Indeed Poland was one of the few EU countries to avoid a slump during this difficult period.
3. Partial automatic correction for a trade deficit: Floating exchange rates can help when the balance of payments is in disequilibrium – i.e. a large current account deficit puts downward pressure on the exchange rate, which should help exports and make imports relatively more expensive. Much depends on the price elasticity of demand and supply of exports and the price elasticity of demand for imports – see the later section on the Marshall-Lerner condition and the J-curve effect

• In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy also meant a loss of freedom and livelihood.
• European powers in Africa divided this country amongst themselves with ‘paper partition’,
• i.e., borders of these countries run straight as drawn by a ruler. This division was made without the permission of these African countries.
• Britain and France made vast additions to their colonies in the late 19th century. Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers and US also became a colonial power by taking over the colonies earlier held by Spain.