Various factors such as common race, language, religion, aims and aspirations, culture and Shared past gave rise to nationalism.

The following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe :
(i) Decline of Feudalism. There was a steady decline of federal lords and many of them died in mutual warfare. The crusades also improverished the barons. Federal lords were the major obstacle in the emergence of nationalism, and without their destruction the cause of nationalism might have greatly suffered.

(ii) Weakening Authority of the Pope. The Church enjoyed supreme and exalted position and commanded a great power in the middle Ages, but the Reformation movement as well as the Renvai-ssance led to awakening among the people and weakened the authority of the Pope. As a result, national churches and national states were established in many countries.

(iii) Wars. Wars roused nationalism among the people of both France and England. The Hundred Years’ War between in the two countries gave rise to national feeling both in France and England.

(iv) Foreign Rule. The foreign rulers suppressed the people and treated them cruelly and mercilessly. This led and united the people against the foreign rule and infused the spirit of nationalism in them.

(v) Vienna Settlement. The Vienna Settlement after the Napoleonic Wars tried to suppress the force of revolution and nationalism in Europe. But this further fuelled the people of the subjected countries and they started national movements for their independence.

The main features of civil disobedience  are :-
1.The civil disobedience was launched in 1930 under the guidelines of Gandhiji.
2.Actually  civil disobedience movement was launched to fill the work that non cooperation wont did.
3.Peoples fought against  government for getting their liberty..
4.boycott of school,colleges,foreign cloth, offices. Liquor shops closed.
5.peoples stop paying taxes.

In the following ways, political parties help in shaping public opinion
(i) Political parties help in shaping public opinion as they raise and highlight issues.
(ii) Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country.
(iii) Parties sometimes launch movements, and often . opinions in the society develop on the basis of the standpoint taken by the political parties.

World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an organisation with 160 members (2014), and it aims to liberalise the international trade. At the international level, the WTO has pressured developing countries to liberalise trade and investment. 

Importance:

• To improve the standard of living of people in the member countries.
• To ensure full employment.
• To increase the trade of services.
• To ensure optimum utilization of world resources.
• To protect the environment.

Functions:

• To implement of rules and provision reviewing of trade policy.
• To provide a platform for member countries to decide future strategies related to trade and stuff.
• To ensure optimum use of the world resources.
• To administer rules and regulations related to dispute settlement.

Hvj stands for Hazira - Vijaypur- Jagdishpur. It is a 1700 km long gas pipeline which links Mumbai high and Bassien with fertilizer, power and industrial complexes. It is important because it provide impetus to India's gas production. The power and fertilizer are key users of natural gas.

(i) Secondary Sector (or Industrial sector). It includes all activities which are concerned with the processing materials which have already been extracted at the primary stage, e.g., the mining of iron ore is primary industry, but manufacture of steel is secondary industry.
(ii) Tertiary Sector (or Service sector). It is concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary sector and includes transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, communication, advertising, etc. It facilitates smooth flow of goods and services in the economy. Importance of tertiary sector has been observed in the last decade and its contribution to GDP has also risen.

The ₹10 note was one of the first notes introduced by the Reserve Bank of India as a part of the Mahatma Gandhi Series in 1996. These notes are presently in circulation along with the Mahatma Gandhi New Series which were introduced in January 2018, this is used alongside with 10 rupee coin.

Money and muscle power play an important role in elections. Political parties are mainly focused towards winning the elections. To achieve this aim, they are at times willing to use any method, however, unfair it may be. Political parties mainly nominate those candidates who can raise money for contesting elections. Rich people and organisations that heavily fund the party during elections can easily influence the policies and decisions of the party. Political parties also support candidates with criminal backgrounds in order to win elections.

The period of industrialization before the first factories came up in Europe is termed as proto-industrialization. This period was marked by merchants from towns getting products made in villages.

Reasons for focus of merchants on villages: There were powerful trade and craft guilds in urban areas. These associations controlled competition and prices and prevented entry of a new player in the market. Because of them, it was difficult for new merchants to set business in towns.

Globalisation means unification on integration of the domestic economy with the world economy through trade, capital and technology flows. Government can ensure fair globalisation to its people by
(i) ensuring that the labour laws of the country are followed so that workers are not exploited.
(ii) supporting small producers to improve their performance so that they remain viable in the face of competition from MNCs,
(iii) negotiating with WTO for fairer rules aligning with other developing countries for better trade terms.

The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement. It aims to liberalise international trade. It does this in the foll. Manner:

1. It establishes rules regarding international trade ensures they are obeyed by its members.

2. Despite the principle of free trade for all, many developed countries have unfair retained trade barriers. On the contrary, WTO has forced developing countries to remove trade barriers. This depicts its bias towards the developed countries.

3. This has led to massive campaigning and representation by people’s organisations.

Energy is required for all activities in industries,agriculture,transport and domestic purposes.
1)There has been a considerable increase in usage of energy resources in the recent years.
2)Hence, the best way to conserve energy are to use renewable sources of energy like solar energy,wind energy,thermal power,tidal energy etc which are being utilized in many ways now-a-days.
3)As dutiful citizens of India, we should conserve energy in domestic facilities like in homes,offices etc.
4)We can use public transport system instead of individual vehicles.
5)We should switch off electrical devices when not in use.
6)We can use energy power devices and can reduce usage of electrical devices in our homes.
Thus,energy saved is produced.

The Acts of Union, passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May, 1907 The UK Parliament met for the first time in October 1707.

The Central government in India made a law for the Right to work in 200 districts of India is called National Rural Development Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA, 2005). It is also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Guarantee Act 2005 is an Indian labour law and social security measures that guarantees work. People who are able to and are in need of work are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government under this Act and the government give unemployment allowances to the people, if they fails to provide employment.