(i) Most of the informal lenders charge a much higher interest on loans. Thus the cost to the borrower of the informal loans is much higher.

(ii) Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of earning of the borrowers is used to repay the loan and they have less income left for themselves.

(iii) The high rate of interest of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower and it can lead to increasing debt and debt-trap.

(iv) People who might wish to start an enterprise by borrowing may not do so because of the high cost of borrowing.

Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining quality of life. It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature. As a result, human beings used them indiscriminately. This led to the following major problems:-

Depletion of resources for the greed of few.Accumulation of resources in a few hands which in turn, divided the society into rich and poor.Indiscriminate use of resources causing various global ecological crises such as global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, environmental pollution & land degradation.

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SRI LANKA
There were two major groups SINHALAS AND TAMILS. The Sinhalas make up 74% of its total population, the TAMILS were 18% and the rest were the community of Christians. IN TAMILS there were to sub categories , Indian TAMILS whose forefathers came here as plantation workers and the Sri Lankan TAMILS.
BELGIUM
Its ethnic composition was very complex. They were The French, The Dutch and The Germans. The French had a majority in the capital (80%) and the minority in the country(40%). The Dutch had a majority in the country (59%) while a minority in the capital (20%) city of Brussels. The Germans were only 1% in the whole country.

The drawbacks of majoritarianism are :

1. It asserts that a majority of the population based on religion, language, social class or some other identifying factor, is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society and has a right to make decisions that affect the society. This can sometimes encroach upon the fundamental rights of the citizens.

2. Majoritarianism is referred to as a majority rule. That means a majority class ruling a minority class. This could lead to conflicts, and dissatisfaction amongst the minorities.

3.. Most decisions take place not by majority rule, but by plurality, unless the voting system restricts candidates or options to two only.

4. Due to Arrow's paradox it is not possible to have plurality voting systems with more than two options which adhere to both 'fairness' criteria and rational decision making criteria.

The term abiotic refers to the non-living entities in the ecosystem. Sunlight, water, land, all constitute the abiotic factors.

Otto Von Bismarck is known to the person credited for the unification of Germany, who became the first Chancellor of the unified Germany in 1871.

Similarly, Camillo Benso, the Count of Cavour in Italy was responsible for the unification of this country, who founded Italian Liberal Party and went on to become the first Prime Minister of the unified Italy in 1861.

Thus, he was fondly called as ‘Bismarck of Italy’.

Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism, inclusive of all its people, despite their diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism. Raja Rammohan Roy is called Father of Indian Nationalism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak is called Father of Indian Unrest.

Few unsatisfactory features of our land use pattern:

i) The land under permanent pasture has decreased.

ii) Forest area of the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952).

III) Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying have contributed to the degradation of about 130 million hectares of land in India.

• Community government is elected by people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live.
• This government has the power relating to culture, education and language issues.
• This kind of government helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.

During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. But Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and health, be good mothers and good wives.
For a long time, the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation.

Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitation of this criterion are:

•   It doesn’t show the distribution of income.
•   It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

•  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
•  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
•  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

Guiseppe Mazzini was an Italian journalist and politician who lived back in the 19th century. He was the founder of Young Italy, a secret revolutionary society. He was one among many who supported free democratic Italy rather than its monarch.

The Simon Commission was a group of 7 MPs from Britain who was sent to India in 1928 to study constitutional reforms and make recommendations to the government. It came to be known as the Simon Commission after its chairman Sir John Simon. Important for IAS Exam, this topic is a part of Modern Indian History.